AP Euro Unit 1+2 Anchors

15th Century

The Renaissance, the rise of New Monarchs, and the invention of the printing press. (century)

Printing Press

Invented by Gutenberg around 1450

Ferdinand and Isabella

The monarchs of Spain who completed the Reconquista in 1492 and sponsored Columbus's voyage.

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and diseases between the Americas and the Old World.

Castiglione

An Italian humanist who wrote 'The Book of the Courtier', advocating for a well-rounded education for men and domestic preparation for women.

Pico della Mirandola

An Italian humanist known for 'On the Dignity of Man', emphasizing human worth made in God's image.

Machiavelli

Italian humanist who wrote 'The Prince', advocating for realistic rulers and the principle that 'the end justifies the means'.

Leonardo da Vinci

Renaissance artist renowned for masterpieces like 'The Mona Lisa' and 'The Last Supper'.

Michelangelo

Italian Renaissance artist famous for the 'Sistine Chapel' and the marble sculpture 'David'.

Erasmus

Northern Renaissance humanist and author of 'In Praise of Folly', critiquing Catholic clergy hypocrisy.

Thomas More

Northern Renaissance humanist known for 'Utopia', criticizing societal greed and envisioning a communal living society.

Charles VII

New monarch of France responsible for creating a national army and raising taxes like Taille and Gabelle.

Henry VII

New monarch of England who established the Tudor Dynasty and weakened noble power through the Court of the Star Chamber.

Jan van Eyck

Northern Renaissance artist who painted 'Wedding of Arnolfini', highlighting everyday objects and scenes.

16th Century

Period marked by the Reformation, Religious Wars, Age of Exploration, Price Revolution, and Golden Age of Spain/Hapsburgs.

1453

Turks conquer Constantinople.

1492

Columbus 'discovers' America. (yr)

1517

Luther writes the 95 Theses, starting the Protestant Reformation. (yr)

1525

German Peasant Revolt.

1527

Sack of Rome.

1555

Peace of Augsburg established.

1588

Year where the Spanish Armada were defeated by Elizabeth I.

1618

Start of Thirty Years War.

Martin Luther

Initiated the Protestant Reformation in German States by writing the 95 Theses.

Charles V

Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor who faced clashes with Protestants and led the Diet of Worms against Luther.

John Calvin

Founder of Calvinism, preached Predestination, and authored 'Institutes of the Christian Religion'.

Henry VIII

Established the Anglican Church after the Pope refused to annul his marriage.

Elizabeth I

Protestant ruler of England who defeated the Spanish Armada.

Henry IV

King of France who won the War of the 3 Henrys; created the Edict of Nantes for Huguenot toleration.

Phillip II

Hapsburg king of Spain who attempted to crush Calvinism in the Netherlands and lost to the Spanish Armada.

Gustavus Adolphus

Lutheran Swedish King who intervened in the Thirty Years War on the Protestant side (3rd stage).

Christopher Columbus

Sponsored by Spain, he mistakenly 'discovered' America while attempting to reach the East Indies.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer who first reached India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope.

Magellan

Led the first circumnavigation of the world, sponsored by Spain.

Cortez

Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Aztecs.

Pizarro

Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Incas.

Banking capitol of Europe in the 16th century

Antwerp, Belgium

Banking capitol of Europe in the 17th century

Amsterdam, Netherlands

Spider King

Louis XI