Ruminant external parasites- unit 3

what are Dipterans?

flies- insects

common name(s) for Culicoides spp

No-see-ums, Biting midges, Punkies

what is the order of Culicoides spp

Diptera

are Culicoides spp blood sucking?

most are, yes (800 species)

causes of Culicoides spp

“Queensland itch”, “Sweet itch”, allergic dermatitis

life cycle for Culicoides spp

eggs laid in damp, decaying vegetation, can overwinter, aquatic larval stages (see in SE the most), poor fliers (don’t travel far)

can Culicoides spp overwinter?

yes

control for Culicoides spp

Pyrethroids, high air-flow fans

what is Culicoides spp vectors for?

Onchocera spp (discussed in equines), Blue Tongue virus in sheep

common name for Tabanids

horse flies

common name for Tabanus spp

horse fly

common name for Chrysops spp

deer fly

order for Tabanids

Diptera

what species does Tabanids affect?

warm-blooded animals

life cycle for Tabanids

female deposits eggs in wet environment, larvae feed on invertebrates in the soil, can take 2 months- 2 years, suck blood

do Tabanids suck blood?

yes

pathogenesis for Tabanids

blood loss, weight loss, pain (decrease feed intake)

what do Tabanids transmit?

Anaplasma marginale, Anthrax, Tularemia, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus, Trypanosoma, EIA (equine infection anemia)

control for Tabanids

no good control

common name for Musca domestica

Housefly

what is the order Musca domestica

diptera

life cycle for Musca domestica

does NOT bite, eggs laid in vegetation, can overwinter as pupae and larvae in manure, 10-14 days from egg to adult

can Musca domestica overwinter?

yes, as pupae and larvae in manure

resting sites for Musca domestica

fences, buildings, trees, shrubs, SUN

Musca domestica causes decreased rates of gain because they are true ____

pests

what does Musca domestica transmit?

bacteria (pink eye), parasite eggs (transports: T. solium, T. pisiforis, D. caninum, A. suum, T. leonina, A. caninum), IH of Habronema spp (discussed in equine section)

what is Musca domestica an IH for?

Habronema spp

control for Musca domestica

sanitation (get rid of poop), screened windows, sticky tape, residual sprays, baits (caution- a lot is toxic to animals), biological control

biological control for Musca domestica

gnat-sized parasitic wasps, female wasp deposits egg inside the instar where it will hatch, once hatched, the wasp larvae feed on the instar which kills them, **the wasp must have a fly instar to lay its egg

common name for Stomoxys calcitrans

the stable fly

order for Stomoxys calcitrans

diptera

life cycle for Stomoxys calcitrans

lay eggs in OLD MANURE and vegetation, can fly over 200 miles, rest in the shade, eggs to adult in 1 month, suck blood

do Stomoxys calcitrans suck blood?

yes

clinical signs for Stomoxys calcitrans

blood loss, decreased appetite

what does Stomoxys calcitrans transmit?

Habronema spp, EIA

control for Stomoxys calcitrans

sanitation, chemical control, biological control

common name for Musca autumnalis

face fly or attic flies

order for Musca autumnalis

diptera

life cycle for Musca autumnalis

lay eggs in FRESH feces, only spends small amount of time on the animal, adults seen around the nose or eyes, can overwinter in attics of houses, travel long distances, from egg to adult in 3 weeks

can Musca autumnalis overwinter?

yes, in attics of houses

pathogenesis of Musca autumnalis

flies feed on: tears, eye secretions, nasal mucus, saliva

what does Musca autumnalis transmit?

Thelazia spp( eye worm), Moraxella bovis (pink eye= rupture eye, ulcers)

control for Musca autumnalis

poop scoop, tags impregnated with insecticides (organophosphates, pyrethroids), back rubbers, dust bags, larvicides (methoprene, difubenzuron, rabon

common name for Haematobia irritans

horn fly

is the Haematobia irritans (horn fly) native the the U.S?

no

order for Haematobia irritans

diptera

how big are Haematobia irritans?

tiny- ½ the size of a house fly

life cycle of Haematobia irritans

like to lay eggs in fresh manure- super fresh, short life cycle, spend most of their life on cattle (dorsum- the back), suck blood

do Haematobia irritans suck blood?

yes

economics of Haematobia irritans

weight loss, decreased milk production, blood loss

control for Haematobia irritans

rotate ear tags often*, dust bags/back rubbers, larvicides

history for Haematobia irritans

insecticide resistance (ability of an insect population to survive concentrations of an insecticide that were previously lethal), a few in the genetic population are naturally resistant- they breed which results in more resistant flies. they are all located in one place- all get exposed, they live on the animal- exposed all of the time, they are highly host-specific- found on no other animal, they produce lots of offspring, short turnover time, they eat before they mate- killed quickly, **constantly exposed to one drug, those not affected will live on

common name for Melophagus ovinus

sheep ked

do Melophagus ovinus have wings?

no

do Melophagus ovinus suck blood?

yes

order for Melophagus ovinus

diptera

what species does Melophagus ovinus affect?

sheep and goats (not bovines)

location of Melophagus ovinus

skin

life cycle of Melophagus ovinus

entire life cycle on host, larvae develop in the female insect, males and females suck blood- more clinical signs, spread through direct contact (bc they can’t fly)

pathogenesis of Melophagus ovinus

itching, self trauma, poor wool quality, anemia, emaciation, unthriftiness

control for Melophagus ovinus

sprays, dips, and dusts

common name for Hypoderma spp

Ox Warbles, Heel Fly, Cattle Grubs, Cutaneous Myiasis

order for Hypoderma spp

diptera

what species does Hypoderma spp affect?

cattle

location of Hypoderma spp

skin (eventually)

life cycle of Hypoderma spp

female fly attaches eggs to lower legs, eggs hatch, larvae burrow through connective tissue, spend months in epidural fat, larvae emerge, pupate, *they prefer sunlight

clinical signs of Hypoderma spp

cattle stay in shade (parasite prefers sunlight), decreased milk, “grubby backs” (looks like welts), cysts on back, anaphylaxis (if crushed), CNS problems (vagal nerve; if larvae get confused)

diagnosis of Hypoderma spp

eggs in hair, grubs on back

treatment for Hypoderma spp

injectable avermectins- before November in NE (kill larvae before they get to back)

common names for ruminant lice

short-nosed louse, cattle tail louse, buffalo louse, sucking face louse, sucking foot louse, blue sucking louse, african blue louse, biting cattle louse, red biting louse

phylum for ruminant lice

arthropoda

what species does ruminant lice affect?

cattle, sheep, goats

facts to keep in mind about ruminant lice:

mostly sucking, species specific, increased # in the winter (longer hair and they huddle together), whole life cycle on the animal

clinical signs of ruminant lice

decreased milk production, weight loss, wool and hide damage, pruritus/dermatitis (face, dorsum, brisket)

diagnosis of ruminant lice

PE, skin scrape to see lice, anemia

treatments for ruminant lice

cattle: Avermectins

sheep: permethrin, diazinon, and coumaphos

after treatment of ruminant lice, how long should you keep the affect species away from the her?

1 week

control for ruminant lice

control overcrowding

phylum/class of ticks

arthropoda- arachnida

pathogenesis of ticks

suck blood, make openings for screw worms

clinical signs for ticks

anemia, cattle off feed

treatment for ticks

**burn pasture, amitraz (been off market for awhile), permethrin

what is bovine mange caused by?

Psoroptes spp, Sarcoptes spp, Chorioptes spp, Psorergates spp, Demodex spp

is Psoroptes, Sarcoptes, and Chorioptes reportable for large animals?

yes, report to state vet

clinical signs of bovine mange

intense pruritus, red skin, pustules, decreased feed intake and feed efficiency, weight loss

transmission of bovine mange

direct contact or fomites (blankets, brushes)

diagnosis for bovine mange

skin scraping

treatment for bovine mange

***contagious!, scabies is reportable, quarantine! Avermectins

myiasis definition

the infestation of living animals by Diptera larvae which feed on the host’s living or dead tissues, body fluids, or ingested food material (in small animal this is called cuterebra)

obligatory myiasis

must complete their life cycle within the host or by feeding on living tissue to survive; true parasite

common name for Cochliomyia hominivorax

primary screwworm or new world screwworm

does Cochliomyia hominivorax go through obligatory myiasis?

yes

as of now, does the U.S have Cochliomyia hominivorax?

no

order of Cochliomyia hominivorax

diptera

what species does the primary screwworm affect?

all warm-bloods

life cycle of primary screwworm

female adult lays eggs around wounds, eggs hatch, larvae feed on FRESH TISSUE, drop off and pupate

clinical signs of primary screwworm

draining wound, secondary bacteria infection

diagnosis of primary screwworm

remove larvae from wound and identify

control for primary screwworm

primary sterile male release program

is primary screwworm reportable?

yes