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Quantitative data
Data which holds numerical value, low validity, high reliability. Questionnaires
Qualitative data
Data which is descriptive, high validity, low reliability. Interviews
Primary data
Data which is collected by someone firsthand
Secondary data
Data which has been collected by others.
Meta-analysis
a "study of studies" that combines the findings of multiple studies to arrive at a conclusion - therefore uses secondary data
Measures of central tendency
Mean, median, mode.
Mean
Sum of values divided by number of values
Median
the middle value in a distribution; half the values are above it and half are below it
Mode
Most frequently occurring value in distributions
Measures of dispersion
Range and standard deviation
Range
Distance between highest and lowest values in a set of data.
Calculate %
a/b x100
Positive correlation
A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction.
Negative correlation
the relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases. They go in opposite directions
Zero correlations
where there is no relationship between variables
Displaying quantitative data
Graphs, tables, scattergrams, bar charts, histograms
Distributions
Normal and skewed
Normal distribution
Bell shaped curve - mean, median and mode are all the same value.
Skewed distribution
When the central measures of tendency are not the same value. leads to positively skewed (graph peaks left) and negatively skewed (graph peaks right) distributions.
Correlation coefficient
a measure of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)
levels of measurement
nominal
ordinal
interval
nominal data
Categorical data without a specific order.
ordinal data
a type of data that refers to a ranking.
interval data
Data that is ordered within a range and with each data point being an equal interval apart. e.g time
Content analysis and coding
Transforming content (qualitative data) to quantitative data through coding (assigning categories) to the data set.
Thematic analysis
A qualitative approach to analysis that involves identifying implicit or explicit ideas within the data. Themes will often emerge once the data has been coded.
