ISDS 351 Exam 2 SG

project management plan

A _____ is a document used to coordinate all project planning documents and help guide a project’s execution and control.

project manager

A project charter typically authorizes the __________ to use organizational resources to complete the project.

net present value

_____ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.

Organize and keep track of things

The purpose of a database is to _____________.

in common

A relationship is what two or more tables have __________.

her company will miss out on the real value of their BI and analytics

Mollie has observed that her company's leadership lack a strong commitment to data-driven decision making. As a result, when she learns that her company will be initiating a business intelligence and analytics program, she anticipates that _____.

data visualization tool

Suppose you have access to quantitative data on populations by ZIP code and COVID infection rates. You wish to determine if there is a relationship between the two variables and display the results in a graph. Which BI tool will be most useful?

management must have a strong commitment to data-driven decision making

You are to advise XYZ Corporation so that their BI and analytics efforts are fruitful. Which among the following is the most crucial advice of all?

Callie entering a customer's order into a restaurant's ordering system

All of the following are examples of someone using personal productivity software EXCEPT _________.

creating spreadsheets

Which of the following is NOT one of the common purposes of utility programs?

project responsibilities

The _____ section of the project plan should describe the major project functions and activities and identify those individuals who are in charge of them.

the net cumulative benefits equal the net cumulative costs.

Payback occurs when:

40,000

More data will be created in the next 2 years than in the past _________ years combined.

Primary key

Each table must have one ______________

business users can have a hard time finding the information they need to make decisions

One challenge presented by the volume of big data is that _____.

where and how to store the data

Marshall's company currently maintains their data on in-house servers, but his supervisor has asked him to research their options for having some or all of it hosted by a cloud service provider. Which challenge of big data is Marshall helping to address?

providing word processing capabilities to users

All of the following are examples of activities performed by an operating system EXCEPT ________.

technical processes

The _____ section of the project management plan describes specific methodologies a project might use and explains how to document information.

Developing the project charter

_____ involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project.

Atomicity, Consistency, Integrity, and Durability

ACID transactions have which attributes:

a sales district is substituted for a customer's street address

Which of the following events is an example of a transformation that might occur during the second stage of the ETL process?

removing checks and balances on data preparation and use

Self-service BI and analytics can exacerbate problems by _____.

volume

One key characteristic of big data is that it is being generated at a rate of 2.5 quintillion bytes per day. This is known as big data's _____.

server

A _____ is a computer employed by many users to perform a specific task, such as running network or Internet applications.

A single computer with a single user is typical of a mainframe computer.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about a mainframe computer?

Scope

all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them,

Deliverable

product produced as part of a project (hardware/software, planning documents, meeting minutes)

Project scope management

includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what is/not included in a project

Collecting requirements (project scope management)

defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them

Project scope statements

include scope description, project user acceptance criteria, and detailed information on all project deliverables

also includes project boundaries, constraints, and assumptions

(will become more clear/specific over time)

Requirements management plan

documents how project requirements will be analyzed, documented, and managed

Methods for collecting requirements

• interviewing

• focus groups and facilitated workshops

• using group creativity and decision making techniques

• questionnaires and surveys

• observation

• prototyping

Requirements Dictionary

(Documenting Requirements)

provides additional background of context on what requirement is trying to achieve

Requirements Traceability Matrix

(Documenting Requirements)

provides way to track requirements through project life

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

defines the total scope of the project, basis for managing project schedule, cost, resources, changes

Decomposition

subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces

Scope Baseline

includes approved project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS Dictionary

WBS Dictionary

document describing detailed information about each WBS item

Advice for WBS

• unit should appear at only one place in WBS

• WBS item is the responsibility of one individual

Scope Validation

involves formal acceptance of the completed project deliverables

Variance

the difference between planned and actual performance of scope

Goal of scope control

influence factors that cause scope changes

How to reduce incomplete and changing requirements

• follow requirements management process

• put requirements in writing

Progressive Elaboration

Continuously improving a plan as more information becomes available

Data Proliferation

more data will be created in the next 2 years than in the last 40,000 years combined

Purpose of a Database

organize and keep track of things (multiple themes)

Database Applications

make databases more useful

Database Management System Operations

1. Create

2. Read

3. Update

4. Delete

Database

integrated collection of Logically Related Data Elements

Database Relationships

What two or more tables have in common

1:1 (CWID & person)

1:M (CD has multiple tracks)
M:N (students & courses)

Structured Query Language (SQL)

Database Definition Language (DDL)

Database Modification Language (DML)

Primary Keys

each table must have one (not multiple)

Database Validity

ACID Transactions

• Atomicity

• Consistency

• Isolation

• Durability

Big Data

Enormous (terabytes), complex

Key Characteristics of Big Data

• Volume

• Velocity

• Variety

• Veracity

• Vulnerability

• Value

Extract Transform Load (ETL) process

extracts from sources, edits/transforms data, loads data into warehouse

Data Warehouse

large database, holds business info from many sources, covers all aspects

Data Mart

subset of a data warehouse, used by small/medium business

Data lake

“store everything” big data

raw and unaltered

BI and Analytics

determine trends and patterns

BI and Analytics

• data management program (data governance)

• creative data scientists

• strong commitment to data driven decision making

Data Governance

• ensures a firm has reliable and actionable data to make informed business decisions

• management of data

• must have data governance body

• ensures meeting regulatory and compliance requirements

Descriptive Analytics

identifies patterns, answers questions, two types

(Visual and Regression)

Visual Analytics

presentation of data pictorially or graphically

• Word cloud

• Conversion funnel (graphical)

Regression Analysis

relationship between dependent and independent variable to make predictions

Predictive analytics

analyzes current data to identify future probabilities/trends to make predictions

Time series Analysis

analyzes time series data to extract meaningful statistics and characteristics

Data mining

explores large amounts of data for hidden patterns, decision making

optimization

allocate scarce resources

scenario analysis

predicts future values based on certain potential events

Monte Carlo simulation

thousands of outcomes

self service analytics

training, techniques, processes, empower end users to work independently

Challenges of Big Data

Storage, Privacy, Security

Big Vs

• Volume - scale of data

• Velocity - streaming data

• Variety - forms of data

• Veracity - uncertainty of data

(Vulnerability) - exposed by others use of data

(Value) - what to gain from giving personal data

Outsourcing

one company contracts another organization to provide services by employees

Reasons to Outsource

cut costs, improve focus, upgrade capabilities, accelerate time to market

Cloud Computing

environment in which services are provided over the internet, access via remote services

Public Cloud

service provider owns/manages resources accessed through internet by cloud users

Public cloud benefits

• reduced costs

• flexible computing capacity

• increased redundancy if disaster

Private Cloud Computing

single tenant

organizations use because they think their data is not secure in public

(on premises)(virtual private cloud)

Hybrid Cloud Computing

both public and private cloud networks integrated through private network

Internet of things

a network of physical objects

sensors, processors, software, network connectivity

Memory (Primary Storage)

rapidly provides working storage to the CPU

Secondary Storage

large amounts of data, Hard disk drive (HDD), Solid state storage device (SSD)

Input/Output devices

keyboard/mouse, screen/touchscreen, barcode scanners, printers

Server

computer employed by many users, offers great scalability

Mainframe computer

large, powerful computer, shared by up to thousands of concurrent users connected over a network

Supercomputers

special-purpose machines, designed for applications using extensive computation capabilities

Server Farm

large number of servers in same room

Data Center

climate/access controlled building/set housing computer hardware delivering organizations data and info

Green Computing

environmentally responsible design and disposal

operation system (OS)

central controlling of computer (windows, iOs, Linux)

Kernel

heart of OS, controls critical processes, regulating other programs

Middleware

provides messaging services

Proprietary software

one of a kind software, designed for specific organization/user, giving competitive advantage

eCommerce

conducting business activities electronically over computer networks

Business to Business (B2B)

Largest number of transactions/dollars

Buy side: purchase goods/services from suppliers

sell side: sell products to customers

Business to Consumers (B2C)

Customers deal directly with organization

Consumer to Consumer (C2C)

electronic transactions between consumers facilitated by a third party (eBay, Etsy, Facebook Marketplace)

E-Government

use of internet to simplify information sharing, improve gov/citizen relations