ap psychology

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates

observational learning

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?

classical conditioning

In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n)

conditioned response

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is the

salivation to the food in the mouth

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called

acquisition

Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates

spontaneous recovery

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of

generalization

After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina's pattern of fear best illustrates

discrimination

A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ________ of the patient's fear

extinction

Ever since his mother began to give Julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bed-wetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of

operant conditioning

Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates

the law of effect

Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n)

positive reinforcer

Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a(n) ________ reinforcer.

negative

A trainer wants to train a chicken to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the chicken to learn this trick quickly and the behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use ________ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period of ________ reinforcement.

continuous:partial

Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio

On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

variable-interval

Myron quit gambling after he lost more than a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of

punishment

Robert was late for school, so he parked in a space reserved for teachers. Later, when he went to get his car, he noticed a yellow parking ticket under the windshield wiper. The parking ticket would be considered

positive punishment

Researchers trained pigs to pick up large wooden “dollars” and deposit them in a piggy bank. Instead of picking up the wooden discs, the pigs would drop them, push them with their snouts, and then pick them up to put them in the piggy bank. This behavior best illustrates

instinctive drift

Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of

shaping

neutral stimulus (NS)

a stimulus that elicits no response

unconditional stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that unconditionally naturally and automatically triggers a unconditional response

unconditional response (UCR)

unlearned naturally occurring response to a unconditional stimulus

conditional stimulus (CS)

originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditional stimulus, a conditioned response is triggered

conditioned response (CR)

a learned response to a previously neutral (but now condition) stimulus

dog salivates with food in it’s mouth, a tone is sounded when the dog salivates. eventually the sound of the done causes the dog to salivate

neutral stimulus (NS)

tone

dog salivates with food in it’s mouth, a tone is sounded when the dog salivates. eventually the sound of the done causes the dog to salivate

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

food

dog salivates with food in it’s mouth, a tone is sounded when the dog salivates. eventually the sound of the done causes the dog to salivate

unconditioned response (UCR)

salivation

dog salivates with food in it’s mouth, a tone is sounded when the dog salivates. eventually the sound of the done causes the dog to salivate

condition stimulus (CS)

tone

dog salivates with food in it’s mouth, a tone is sounded when the dog salivates. eventually the sound of the done causes the dog to salivate

conditioned response (CR)

salivation