Glycolysis

Glycolysis

a nine-step process where glucose converts into 2 Pyruvic Acid; anaerobic and aerobic

Glycolysis Location

cytoplasm

(1) Glycolysis Equation

* Glucose → G + 6P
* ATP → ADP

(1) Glycolysis Hormones, Enzymes, and Cofactors

* Insulin
* Hexokinase
* Glucokinase
* Magnesium 2+

Purpose of Insulin

opens cell gates to allow glucose to enter the cell’s cytoplasm

Hexokinase location

muscle level

Glucokinase location

liver level

(1) Glycolysis Cofactor

magnesium 2+

(1) Glycolysis Reaction Type

Endogenic Reaction

(2) Glycolysis Equation

* G + 6P → F + 6P
* conversion of glucose to fructose

(3) Glycolysis Equation

* F + 6P → F-16BP
* Conversion of fructose-6 phosphate to fructose 16-phosphate
* Both 6 C molecules

(3) Glycolysis Enzymes

* Phospho-fructokinase

(4) Glycolysis Equation

* F-16BP → 3 PG
* conversion of a 6-carbon molecule to two 3-carbon molecules

(4) Glycolysis Reaction

can convert directly or through intermediate step using DHAP

DHAP

* dihydroxyacetone-phosphate
* will always be used if readily available

\# of times steps 5-9 are performed

twice

(5) Glycolysis Equation

* 3PG → 13PG
* NAD → NADH
* Inorganic Phosphate

Coenzyme

molecules that help with oxidation-reduction reactions

(5) What happens to NADH?

* takes an electron from 3PG to add to NADH
* reduction

Oxidation

loss of an electron (LEO)

Reduction

gain of an electron (GER)

Presence of inorganic phosphate in (5)

* will insert itself into the reaction
* inhibited by the presence of arsenic

Presence of Arsenic in (5)

* inhibits glycolysis overall

Reducing agent

3 PG because it loses an electron to NADH

(6) Glycolysis Equation

* 3 PG → 3-Phosphoglycerate

(6) Type of Reaction

* Exogenic
* Energy is being made in the cytoplasm
* Uses Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Exogenic Reaction

energy of products < energy of reactant

Endogenic Reaction

energy of products > energy of reactant

(7) Glycolysis Equation

* 3-Phosphoglycerate → 2-Phosphoglycerate
* moving it from the 3rd to the 2nd carbon

(7) Enzyme Used

Mutase

(8) Glycolysis Equation

* 2-Phosphoglycerate → PEP
* H2O is removed

(8) H2O Reduction

* Dehydration Reaction
* Fluoride inhibits this reaction

(9) Glycolysis Equation

* PEP → Pyruvic Acid
* ADP → ATP
* Conversion of 3-carbon into another 3-carbon

(9) Enzyme Used

* Pyruvate Kinase

(9) ADP Conversion

* takes a phosphate from PEP to convert to ATP

(9) Type of Reaction

* Exogenic reaction
* Substrate Level Phosphorylation

2 Routes of Pyruvic Acid

Aerobic and Anaerobic

Aerobic Route of Pyruvate

converts in Acetyl CoA

Anaerobic Route of Pyruvate

* converts to Lactic Acid
* NADH → NAD

Enzyme in Anaerobic Conversion

Lactate Dehydrogenase

Lactic Acid

reduced form of Pyruvic Acid

Bridge Reaction

* Pyruvic Acid → Acetyl CoA
* moved from cytoplasm to the mitochondria of the cell

Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA Conversion

* 3-carbon to a 2-carbon is taken out through CO2 via decarboxylation reaction

Enzyme used in the Bridge Reaction

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

Co-Enzyme in Bridge Reaction

A