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Glycolysis
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Glycolysis
a nine-step process where glucose converts into 2 Pyruvic Acid; anaerobic and aerobic
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Glycolysis Location
cytoplasm
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(1) Glycolysis Equation
* Glucose → G + 6P
* ATP → ADP
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(1) Glycolysis Hormones, Enzymes, and Cofactors
* Insulin
* Hexokinase
* Glucokinase
* Magnesium 2+
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Purpose of Insulin
opens cell gates to allow glucose to enter the cell’s cytoplasm
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Hexokinase location
muscle level
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Glucokinase location
liver level
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(1) Glycolysis Cofactor
magnesium 2+
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(1) Glycolysis Reaction Type
Endogenic Reaction
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(2) Glycolysis Equation
* G + 6P → F + 6P
* conversion of glucose to fructose
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(3) Glycolysis Equation
* F + 6P → F-16BP
* Conversion of fructose-6 phosphate to fructose 16-phosphate
* Both 6 C molecules
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(3) Glycolysis Enzymes
* Phospho-fructokinase
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(4) Glycolysis Equation
* F-16BP → 3 PG
* conversion of a 6-carbon molecule to two 3-carbon molecules
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(4) Glycolysis Reaction
can convert directly or through intermediate step using DHAP
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DHAP
* dihydroxyacetone-phosphate
* will always be used if readily available
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\# of times steps 5-9 are performed
twice
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(5) Glycolysis Equation
* 3PG → 13PG
* NAD → NADH
* Inorganic Phosphate
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Coenzyme
molecules that help with oxidation-reduction reactions
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(5) What happens to NADH?
* takes an electron from 3PG to add to NADH
* reduction
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Oxidation
loss of an electron (LEO)
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Reduction
gain of an electron (GER)
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Presence of inorganic phosphate in (5)
* will insert itself into the reaction
* inhibited by the presence of arsenic
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Presence of Arsenic in (5)
* inhibits glycolysis overall
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Reducing agent
3 PG because it loses an electron to NADH
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(6) Glycolysis Equation
* 3 PG → 3-Phosphoglycerate
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(6) Type of Reaction
* Exogenic
* Energy is being made in the cytoplasm
* Uses Substrate Level Phosphorylation
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Exogenic Reaction
energy of products < energy of reactant
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Endogenic Reaction
energy of products > energy of reactant
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(7) Glycolysis Equation
* 3-Phosphoglycerate → 2-Phosphoglycerate
* moving it from the 3rd to the 2nd carbon
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(7) Enzyme Used
Mutase
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(8) Glycolysis Equation
* 2-Phosphoglycerate → PEP
* H2O is removed
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(8) H2O Reduction
* Dehydration Reaction
* Fluoride inhibits this reaction
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(9) Glycolysis Equation
* PEP → Pyruvic Acid
* ADP → ATP
* Conversion of 3-carbon into another 3-carbon
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(9) Enzyme Used
* Pyruvate Kinase
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(9) ADP Conversion
* takes a phosphate from PEP to convert to ATP
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(9) Type of Reaction
* Exogenic reaction
* Substrate Level Phosphorylation
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2 Routes of Pyruvic Acid
Aerobic and Anaerobic
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Aerobic Route of Pyruvate
converts in Acetyl CoA
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Anaerobic Route of Pyruvate
* converts to Lactic Acid
* NADH → NAD
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Enzyme in Anaerobic Conversion
Lactate Dehydrogenase
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Lactic Acid
reduced form of Pyruvic Acid
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Bridge Reaction
* Pyruvic Acid → Acetyl CoA
* moved from cytoplasm to the mitochondria of the cell
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Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA Conversion
* 3-carbon to a 2-carbon is taken out through CO2 via decarboxylation reaction
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Enzyme used in the Bridge Reaction
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
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Co-Enzyme in Bridge Reaction
A