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What does the term 'integument' mean?
It means 'covering'.
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
Protection, body temperature regulation, cutaneous sensation, metabolic functions, acts as a reservoir for blood, and prevents desiccation, and excretion.
What are the components of the integumentary system?
Skin and its appendages (sweat & oil glands, hair, nails).
What is the composition of the epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
What is the composition of the dermis?
Dense irregular connective tissue.
What is the function of most epidermal cells (keratinocytes)?
They produce fibrous protein.
What is the best-nourished layer of the epidermis?
Stratum basale/basal layer.
What type of cells constantly divide in the basal layer of the epidermis?
Stem cells.
How are the epidermis and dermis connected?
The stratum basale is connected to the dermis along the wavy border.
What happens to some daughter cells in the basal layer?
They move upwards to more superficial layers.
What is melanin?
Pigment ranging in color, produced by melanocytes.
What are the extra concentrations of melanin known as?
Freckles/moles.
What determines skin color?
Activity/melanin production.
What happens to cells as they move up in the stratum spinosum?
They become increasingly keratinized and flatter.
What happens to cells as they leave the stratum granulosum?
They die.
Where is the stratum lucidum found?
Only on hairless, thick skin.
What do the cells in the stratum lucidum secrete?
Water-repellant glycolipids.
What is the outermost layer of the epidermis?
Stratum corneum.
What is the function of epidermal dendritic cells?
To alert the immune system to pathogens.
What are Merkel cells?
Touch receptors, seated on Merkel discs, sensory nerve endings at epidermal/dermal junction.
What are the three pigments that contribute to skin color?
Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin.
What stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin?
Sun exposure.
What is the function of melanosomes in the skin?
They form an 'umbrella' over cell contents.
What pigment is responsible for the orange-yellow color in the skin?
Carotene.
What is the role of hemoglobin in skin color?
It is a pigment in red blood cells and can influence skin tone in light-skinned people.
What causes the skin and blood to appear blue, as in the condition of cyanosis?
Common during heart failure and respiratory distress.
What are the two major regions of the dermis?
Papillary and reticular.
What are the characteristics of the papillary layer of the dermis?
Uneven, peg-like dermal papillae containing capillary loops, pain receptors, and touch receptors.
What determines fingerprints on the skin?
The patterns in the papillary layer of the dermis.
What is the reticular layer primarily composed of?
Dense irregular connective tissue.
What are lamellar corpuscles responsible for?
Deep pressure reception.
What is the function of phagocytes in the reticular layer?
To attack microbes.
What are the two main components of the reticular layer that contribute to its properties?
Collagen and elasticity.
What is the primary function of the hypodermis?
Anchoring the skin to underlying organs and storing nutrients.
What is the homeostatic imbalance associated with restriction of blood supply in the skin?
Bedsore or decubitus ulcers.
What is the cause of jaundice?
Liver malfunction leading to excess bile pigments in the blood and body tissues.
How is jaundice treated?
Phototherapy ("bili lights") to help the liver break down pigments.
Where are the appendages of the skin produced?
All produced by cells originating in the epidermis.
What is the function of hair and hair follicles?
To help with homeostasis.
Where are cutaneous glands formed?
In the stratum basale, then they push deeper and end up in the dermis.
What is the composition of sebum secreted by sebaceous glands?
A mixture of oil and fragmented cells
What are the two types of sweat glands?
Eccrine and apocrine glands.
What are the functions of eccrine sweat glands?
Produces sweat for thermoregulation, secretes water, salts, vitamin C, and traces of metabolic wastes, and inhibits bacterial growth.
Where are apocrine glands primarily located?
In the armpits (axillary) and genital (pubic) areas.
What activates apocrine glands during puberty?
Androgen increase.
What is the function of ceruminous glands?
To line the external ear canal.
What is the medical term for earwax?
Cerumen.
What do mammary glands produce in response to hormones?
Milk.
Where is hair produced?
In hair follicles.
What parts of the body are not covered by hair?
Lips, nipples, palms, and soles of the foot, and parts of genitalia.
What is the function of hair in the body?
Protects from particles in nose and eyes, minor thermoregulation.
How is hair growth and loss regulated?
By hormones.
What are hair strands made of?
Dead, keratinized epithelial cells.
What are the two layers of hair follicles made of?
The inner epithelial root sheath and the outer fibrous sheath.
What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?
It pulls hair upright when it contracts (goosebumps).
What determines the color of hair?
Melanocytes in hair bulbs.
When does melanin production often increase?
During puberty.
What effect does UV have on hair?
UV breaks down melanin, lightening hair.
What determines hair texture and curl type?
Follicle/shaft shape.
What are the components of a nail?
Nail fold, nail body, lunula.
What is the eponychium also known as?
Cuticle.
What causes blisters?
Separation of epidermis and dermis.
What are Langer's lines formed parallel to?
Collagen and elastic fibers.
What causes stretch marks?
Ruptures in collagen and elastin caused by stretching or shrinking.
What causes burns?
Tissue damage/cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, or radiation.
What is the rule of nines used for?
Estimating fluid loss in burns.
How many areas make up 9% of the body's surface each?
11 areas.
What are the classifications of burns based on depth?
Normal, first-degree, second-degree, third-degree, fourth-degree.
When are burns considered critical?
If more than 30% of the body has 2nd-degree burns, or more than 10% of the body has 3rd/4th-degree burns, or if 3rd/4th-degree burns are on the face, hands, feet, or genitals, or if burns affect the airway, or if they are circumferential (around the body or limb).
What is the most common form of cancer?
Skin cancer.
What are the three main types of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma.
What are the characteristics of basal cell carcinoma?
Most common, least malignant, shiny, dome-shaped nodules.
What are the characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma?
Cells of stratum spinosum form scaly, shallow ulcers with raised borders, grow rapidly, and can spread to lymph nodes.
What are the characteristics of malignant melanoma?
Cancer of melanocytes, 5% of skin cancers but 90% of deaths, appears as a spreading black/brown patch and metastasizes rapidly to lymph nodes.
What is the ABCDE rule for recognizing malignant melanoma?
Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter greater than 6mm, Evolving.
What are the components of the skeletal system?
Bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments, tendons.
What is the function of cartilage in the skeleton?
It provides support with some flexibility and covers the ends of bones at joints.
What are the types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage, articular cartilage, costal cartilage, respiratory cartilage.
What is the role of hyaline cartilage?
It provides support with some flexibility.
Where is articular cartilage found?
It covers the ends of bones at joints.
What does coastal cartilage connect?
It connects ribs to the sternum.
What is the function of respiratory cartilage?
They form the larynx and reinforce passageways.
What limits the outward expansion of cartilage?
The perichondrium (dense irregular CT).
What is the water content of cartilage?
High water content, allowing it to regain shape after compression.
Does cartilage have blood vessels and nerves?
No, it does not.
What is the function of nasal cartilage?
To support the external nose.
What is the function of elastic cartilage?
To allow organs and structures to stretch.
Where can elastic cartilage be found in the body?
External ears and epiglottis.
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
To provide cushion and strength from collagen fibers.
Where can fibrocartilage be found in the body?
Intervertebral discs and meniscus in the knee.
What are the functions of bones as organs?
Providing structure, allowing movement, protecting organs, producing blood cells and hormones, storing minerals and fats, and anchoring muscles.
How many bones are in the human body?
206 bones.
What are the two groups into which the 206 bones are divided?
Axial and appendicular.
What are the two primary types of bones?
Compact and spongy.
What is the structure of flat bones?
1 spongy layer sandwiched between two thin compact layers, usually curved, found in the skull, ribs, and sternum.
How are long bones described?
Longer than wide, with a shaft and enlarged ends, found in limbs.
What are short bones shaped like?
Cube-ish shaped, mostly spongy, and includes sesamoid bones within tendons.
What are irregular bones?
Bones that do not fit into the categories of flat, long, or short bones, such as vertebrae, mainly spongy with a compact outer layer.
What is the diaphysis of long bones?
The shaft that makes up most of the bone’s length, consisting of compact bone covered by periosteum by Sharpey’s/perforating fibers.
What are the epiphyses of long bones?
The ends of long bones, consist of a thin layer of compact bone filled with spongy bone and covered with smooth articular cartilage.
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