AP Psych: Personality

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Personality

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49 Terms

1

Personality

Set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors that are characteristics of a person and consistent over time.

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2

The Self

The center of the personality, organized feelings, and actions.

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3

Self-Esteem

Feelings of self-worth.

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4

Collectivism

Identity is determined by being a member of a group and its goals.

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5

Individualism

Identity is determined by one's own personality traits and goals.

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6

Self-Serving Bias

People tend to see themselves as better than average and accept responsibility for good deeds but not bad deeds.

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7

Projective Tests

Reports a neutral stimulus and assumes that test-takers will project their subconscious thoughts or feelings onto the stimulus.

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8

Self-Reported Tests

Multiple-choice tests that help people learn about themselves.

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9

Validity

The extent to which a test measures what it should.

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10

Reliability

The extent to which a test yields consistent results.

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11

Direct Observation

An assessor observes the subject's behavior and records it.

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12

Freud's Psychoanalytic Personality System

Attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts.

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13

Id

Unconscious psychic energy.

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14

Ego

Executive mediator.

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15

Superego

Internalized ideals.

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16

Freud's Defense Mechanisms

Repression, Regression, Reaction Formation, Projection, Rationalization, Displacement, Sublimation, Denial.

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17

Carl Jung's Analytic Theory of Personality

Believed that the unconscious shapes our personalities.

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18

Collective Unconscious

Memories or ideas that we have from our ancestors.

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19

Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology

Personality is shaped by social tensions, primarily childhood feelings of inferiority.

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20

Karen Horney's Psychoanalytic Theory

Personality is shaped by social tensions, primarily childhood feelings of helplessness.

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21

Biological and Evolutionary Theory

Some traits are innate and encourage survival and reproduction.

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22

Temperament

An infant's natural disposition, is biological.

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23

Extraversion & Agreeableness

Ensure survival.

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24

Abraham Maslow's Holistic Dynamic Theory

Personality develops as various needs are met.

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25

Self-Actualization

Personal potential is fully realized or fulfilled.

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26

Carl Roger's Self Theory

Believed people are good and have self-actualizing tendencies.

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27

Unconditional Positive Regard

An attitude of genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.

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28

Gordon Allport's Trait Theory

Three levels of traits that determine behavior.

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29

MBTI

Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator.

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30

The Big Five Personality Factors

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

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31

George Kelly's Personal Construct Theory

People develop their own "constructs" to understand the world.

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32

Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

Developed reciprocal determinism and self-efficacy.

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33

Reciprocal Determinism

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

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34

Self-efficacy

The belief that oneself is competent.

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35

Julian Rotter's Social-Learning Theory

A person's behavior is controlled by their personality's response to the environment.

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36

Personal Control

Whether we see ourselves as controlling or being controlled.

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37

Internal Locus of Control

Consequences are a result of our behaviors and personal characteristics.

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38

External Locus of Control

Consequences are unpredictable, under the control of others, or random.

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39

Walter Mischel's Cognitive-Affective Personality System

Self-Report tests are flawed, and the only indicator of personality is past behaviors.

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40

Self-Regulation

Ability to control impulses and delay gratification.

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41

Marshmallow Test

Experiment by Walter Mischel where children were offered one small reward immediately or two small rewards if they waited. Those who waited have better life outcomes.

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42

Repression

Banish bad thoughts.

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43

Regression

Retreat into a younger self.

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44

Reaction Formation

Switch the thought/emotion into the opposite.

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45

Projection

Attribute the quality to someone else.

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46

Rationalization

Self-justifying explanations.

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47

Displacement

Direct an impulse at a more acceptable object or person.

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48

Sublimation

Re-channel an impulse into a socially acceptable activity.

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49

Denial

Refusal to recognize something as painful.

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