Studied by 32 people
Personality
Set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors that are characteristics of a person and consistent over time.
The Self
The center of the personality, organized feelings, and actions.
Self-Esteem
Feelings of self-worth.
Collectivism
Identity is determined by being a member of a group and its goals.
Individualism
Identity is determined by one's own personality traits and goals.
Self-Serving Bias
People tend to see themselves as better than average and accept responsibility for good deeds but not bad deeds.
Projective Tests
Reports a neutral stimulus and assumes that test-takers will project their subconscious thoughts or feelings onto the stimulus.
Self-Reported Tests
Multiple-choice tests that help people learn about themselves.
Validity
The extent to which a test measures what it should.
Reliability
The extent to which a test yields consistent results.
Direct Observation
An assessor observes the subject's behavior and records it.
Freud's Psychoanalytic Personality System
Attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts.
Id
Unconscious psychic energy.
Ego
Executive mediator.
Superego
Internalized ideals.
Freud's Defense Mechanisms
Repression, Regression, Reaction Formation, Projection, Rationalization, Displacement, Sublimation, Denial.
Carl Jung's Analytic Theory of Personality
Believed that the unconscious shapes our personalities.
Collective Unconscious
Memories or ideas that we have from our ancestors.
Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology
Personality is shaped by social tensions, primarily childhood feelings of inferiority.
Karen Horney's Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality is shaped by social tensions, primarily childhood feelings of helplessness.
Biological and Evolutionary Theory
Some traits are innate and encourage survival and reproduction.
Temperament
An infant's natural disposition, is biological.
Extraversion & Agreeableness
Ensure survival.
Abraham Maslow's Holistic Dynamic Theory
Personality develops as various needs are met.
Self-Actualization
Personal potential is fully realized or fulfilled.
Carl Roger's Self Theory
Believed people are good and have self-actualizing tendencies.
Unconditional Positive Regard
An attitude of genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.
Gordon Allport's Trait Theory
Three levels of traits that determine behavior.
MBTI
Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator.
The Big Five Personality Factors
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
George Kelly's Personal Construct Theory
People develop their own "constructs" to understand the world.
Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
Developed reciprocal determinism and self-efficacy.
Reciprocal Determinism
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.
Self-efficacy
The belief that oneself is competent.
Julian Rotter's Social-Learning Theory
A person's behavior is controlled by their personality's response to the environment.
Personal Control
Whether we see ourselves as controlling or being controlled.
Internal Locus of Control
Consequences are a result of our behaviors and personal characteristics.
External Locus of Control
Consequences are unpredictable, under the control of others, or random.
Walter Mischel's Cognitive-Affective Personality System
Self-Report tests are flawed, and the only indicator of personality is past behaviors.
Self-Regulation
Ability to control impulses and delay gratification.
Marshmallow Test
Experiment by Walter Mischel where children were offered one small reward immediately or two small rewards if they waited. Those who waited have better life outcomes.
Repression
Banish bad thoughts.
Regression
Retreat into a younger self.
Reaction Formation
Switch the thought/emotion into the opposite.
Projection
Attribute the quality to someone else.
Rationalization
Self-justifying explanations.
Displacement
Direct an impulse at a more acceptable object or person.
Sublimation
Re-channel an impulse into a socially acceptable activity.
Denial
Refusal to recognize something as painful.
Note 
Flashcard (36)