Pastures and Forages Lab test 1

Key factors of forage establishment

proper soil pH, proper seeding technique, proper seeding time, pest management, selectio of high quality seed, and seedbed prep

Types of tools used to take soil samples

auger, spade, soil sampling tube

3 macronutrients

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

Roles of the 3 macronutrients

N- responsible for green plant growth. P- helps with seed germination and photosynthesis. K- opens and closes stomata and helps with movement of water, nutrients and carbs thru plant tissue

Common forms of Nitrogen

Urea (liquid), Ammonia Nitrate (dry), Ammonia Sulfate, and Anhydrous Ammonia

Time it takes for cow and chicken manure to break down into N

Cow-3 months /Chicken-5-6 weeks

Nitrogen deficiency

slow, stunted growth, yellowing leaves, necrosis on leaf edge

Phosphorus deficiency

purpling on leaf and red purple colors on lead margin

Potassium deficiency

shiveled seeds, weak stalks and root systems, scorching, and stunted growth

EPA definition of herbicide

used to control undesired plants on farms, in commercial forests and on lawns and managed landscapes.

Benefits of herbicide

reduced human effort, effective and energy efficient, reduce tillage, and flexibility in management systems

Risks of herbicide

drift to other plants, growing resistance,potential harm to humans/amimals,and human error

Systemic pathways:Phloem transport

transport through live cells

Apoplastic pathways:xylem transport

moves up only, cells are dead

3 main formulation types

Dry formulation(%ai), liquid formulation (lbai or ae/gal), dry formula for direct application

Dry formulations

water soulble powders (SP), wettable powders (WP,W) water dispersable granules (WDG, DF)

Liquid formulations

water soluble liquids(SL,S), Emulsifiable concentrates (EC,E), water dispensable liquids (WDL,L,F), microencapsulated (ME)

Dry formulations for direct application

Granules (%ai), Pellets (%ai)

Preplant Burndown (PPL)

applied before planting to destroy all vegetation

Preplant Incorporated(PPI)

tilled into soil before planting

Preemergence (PRE)

application at time of planting or before emergence

Postemergence (POST)

after crop emergence at numerous timings

Anti-foaming agents

added to formulation or add to spray tank to counteract detergent suds

Drift control agents

thickening agents added to reduce fine spray droplets

Letters before

TT-turbo, AI-air induction, XR-extended range, DG-drift guard

Letters after

VS-visiflow (color) stainless steel, VP-visiflow polymer, VH-hardended stainless steel, SS-stainless steel