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What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Instant energy sources
Transportable/Storable energy sources
Structural Materials
What is a monosaccharide?
monomers - single sugars named according to the number of carbon atoms in the molecule
What is the general formula for monosaccharides?
C(H²O)n
What is a triose sugar?
A triose is a monosaccharide containing three carbon atoms.
Give an example of a triose sugar
Glyceraldehyde
What is a pentose sugar?
A pentose is a monosaccharide with five carbon atoms.
Give an example of a pentose sugar
Ribose (found in RNA)
What is a hexose sugar?
A hexose is a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms.
Give an example of a hexose sugar
Glucose
What are isomers?
Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different arrangements of their atoms are called structural isomers
Give an example of 2 types of isomer
Alpha and Beta Isomers
Ring and Straight Chain Isomers
What does ABBA stand for?
Alpha - Below
Beta - Above
Which monosaccharide is this?
Fructose
Which monosaccharide is this?
Galactose
Glucose is the major…?
Respiratory substrate which is broken down to make ATP
Where is alpha glucose found?
blood plasma
Where is beta glucose found?
In plants
Where is fructose found?
Fruits
Where is galactose found?
Milk
What happens in a condensation reaction?
A water molecule is removed
A new covalent bond is formed
Larger molecules are formed
What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?
A water molecule is added
A covalent bond is broken
A smaller molecule is formed
What is a disaccharide?
2 monosaccharides can join together through a condensation reaction to form a disaccharide
When a condensation reaction between 2 alpha glucose molecules occur, what is the product?
maltose
Which 2 monosaccharides join to form sucrose?
Glucose +Frutose
Which 2 monosaccharides join to form lactose?
Glucose +Galactose
What is a polysaccharide?
A polymer made of many glucose molecules linked together.
What is the storage polysaccharide found in animals?
Glycogen
What is the storage polysaccharide found in plants?
Starch
What is the structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls?
Cellulose
What 4 components make polysaccharides ideal for storage?
No osmotic effect
Compact
Glucose can easily be added or removed by hydrolysis or condensation
Insoluble
What two polymers make up starch?
Amylose + Amylopectin
What is amylose?
Polymer of alpha glucose joined by 1,4 glycosidic chains to form coiled chains
What is amylopectin?
branched polymer - links between carbon 1 and 6
What is glycogen?
Polymer of alpha glucose joined by 1,4 glycosidic links to form coiled chains
Many side chains are linked by 1,6 glycosidic links
Where is glycogen stored?
as glycogen granules in the liver and muscle cells
Which is more compact, glycogen or starch?
Glycogen
What is cellulose?
An insoluble polysaccharide made from long, straight chains of beta glucose
Joined by Beta glucose 1,4 chains
Each molecule is rotated 180 degrees
The structure of cellulose is in a ….
Microfibril - makes it very strong
True/False: Most organisms cannot digest/hydrolyse cellulose
True
Give a function of cellulose in the cell wall
Prevents the cell wall from bursting when the cell becomes turgid
What is chitin?
A structural carbohydrate found in the exoskeletons of insects and the cell walls of fungi
What is the main difference between the structure of chitin compared to cellulose?
Chitin has an acetyl amide group (CH3CONH2)
Give three features of chitin
Strong
Waterproof
Light for flight
True/False: Cellulose microfibrils have more tensile strength than chitin microfibrils
False - Chitin microfibrils have greater tensile strength than those of cellulose due to having more N groups which helps form more hydrogen bonds
Note 
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