SALEH, "The burka and beyond: _Burka Avenger_, Muslim women, and Pakistani national identity

What is the main argument of Saleh in "The Burka and Beyond: Burka Avenger

Muslim women

Which scholars does Saleh reference to discuss the modern emergence of nations

Saleh references Geller

What does Saleh question about the idea of nation

She questions the assumption that nations are mostly created by elites and instead considers broader participation

What is banal nationalism

Billig's concept referring to the everyday

How do people participate in banal nationalism

By attributing national meaning to everyday objects and practices

What does it mean to say that national ideas are naturalized

It means that people accept the nation as obvious

Give an example of how social actors participate in nationalizing items or events

A Chinese person may describe food as "Chinese

Why does Saleh highlight participation in national discourse

To show that "the nation" is ritually constructed and maintained through everyday practices

Which authors discuss gender in relation to the nation

Yuval-Davis and McClintock contribute analyses connecting nationhood and gender

How is the nation sometimes made male

Through narratives that frame national struggles as primarily male endeavors

How does Saleh describe the gendered framing of anti-colonial struggles

Anti-colonial struggles

What role do women play in colonial and anti-colonial narratives

Muslim women are portrayed as oppressed or veiled

How did post-9/11 rhetoric in the U.S. frame Muslim women

Americans claimed to fight the "War on Terror" to "save" Muslim women

What justification did colonial powers often give for sovereignty

They claimed the right to rule by arguing they were "saving" Orientals from uncivilized social structures

Who was General Zia

General Zia seized power in Pakistan via a military coup in 1977 and implemented policies of Islamicization to consolidate sovereignty

Why did Zia need to explain his sovereignty

Because military coups lack inherent legitimacy

What laws and rhetoric did Zia use to claim sovereignty

He used Islamic laws

Why did Zia implement Islamicization in a majority-Muslim country

Islamicization served as a tool to legitimize his authoritarian rule

Give examples of Zia’s Islamicization programs

Mandatory prayer in schools

What is the patriarchal dividend

The advantage men gain from maintaining patriarchal structures

How did Zia’s Islamicization affect post-authoritarian Pakistan

It remained influential as a tool of the state

When did Burka Avenger debut

Burka Avenger debuted in 2013 as a children’s animated program tackling social issues in Pakistan

What is the premise of Burka Avenger

The show features a masked female superhero who fights for girls’ education and combats social injustices

Who are Baba Badook and Vader Pajero

Villains in the debut episode who conspire to close a girls’ school

How does Burka Avenger address the gendering of the Pakistani nation

By highlighting girls’ education and women’s agency

What does Saleh argue about the representation of women in Burka Avenger

Women are reframed as active subjects

How does Burka Avenger disconnect gender discrimination from Islam

By emphasizing that Islam preaches equality

How does the show link equality to national progress

It presents the idea that a nation prospers when all members

How does Saleh connect Burka Avenger to broader socio-political realities

The program critiques ongoing effects of Islamicization and patriarchal policies on Pakistani women

Why is Burka Avenger internationally significant

Its popularity sparks global conversations about women’s rights in Pakistan and challenges stereotypes about Muslim women

What is the central argument of Saleh's chapter "The Burka and Beyond"

Saleh argues that Burka Avenger critiques socio-political realities in Pakistan

Which scholars does Saleh reference about the emergence of modern nations

Geller

What does Saleh question about elite-driven nation-building

She questions the idea that nations are mostly created by elites and emphasizes everyday participation by citizens

What is banal nationalism

Billig's concept describing everyday

How do citizens participate in banal nationalism

Through rituals

Give an example of banal nationalism from Saleh

A Chinese person might say "this is Chinese food

What does it mean to say the nation is naturalized

That people accept the nation as obvious

Why does Saleh focus on participation in national discourse

To show that "the nation" is constructed and maintained through everyday practices

Which authors discuss gender and the nation

Yuval-Davis and McClintock

How is the nation sometimes made male

By framing national struggles as male-dominated

How did Fanon portray anti-colonial struggle

As a conflict primarily between male colonizers and male colonized

How are Muslim women framed in colonial and anti-colonial narratives

They are portrayed as oppressed objects

What post-9/11 narrative reflected colonial tropes

The U.S. claimed it fought the "War on Terror" to "save" Muslim women

How did colonial powers justify sovereignty over "Orientals"

By arguing they were rescuing populations from "uncivilized" social structures

Who was General Zia

Pakistani military ruler who seized power in 1977 and implemented Islamicization policies

Why did Zia need to justify his sovereignty

Military coups lack legitimacy

What laws and rhetoric did Zia use to claim sovereignty

Sharia-based laws

Why did Zia implement Islamicization in a majority-Muslim country

To legitimize his authority

Give examples of Zia’s Islamicization programs

Mandatory Islamic education

What is the patriarchal dividend

The societal and political advantages men gain from maintaining patriarchal systems

How did Islamicization persist after Zia

It continued influencing laws

When did Burka Avenger debut

2013

What is the premise of Burka Avenger

A masked female superhero fights for girls’ education and combats social injustice in Pakistan

Who are Baba Badook and Vader Pajero

Villains in the debut episode who conspire to shut down a girls’ school

How does Burka Avenger address girls' education

By portraying it as essential for equality

How does the show frame women in Pakistan

As active subjects capable of decision-making and contributing to the nation

How does Burka Avenger challenge the connection between Islam and gender discrimination

By emphasizing that Islam preaches equality

How does Saleh link equality to national progress

The nation prospers when all members

What does Saleh mean by the public/private divide

The division that historically excluded women from public life and civic participation

How does Burka Avenger challenge the public/private divide

By showing women acting publicly as agents of change and citizens with rights

Why is the Muslim woman considered an object in narratives

She is symbolically used to demonstrate cultural values

How does Burka Avenger reframe women beyond motherhood

Women are not only "mothers of the nation" but active contributors to national progress

What social issues does the show address

Girls’ education

How does Saleh connect Burka Avenger to Islamicization

The show emerges in a society still influenced by Zia-era policies

Why is Burka Avenger globally significant

It raises awareness of women’s rights in Pakistan and challenges international stereotypes of Muslim women

How does the show present discrimination

As an activity of men to the detriment of women

What is the main educational message in Burka Avenger

Equal access to education for girls is critical for individual empowerment and national progress

How do everyday practices contribute to nation-building according to Saleh

By attributing national meaning to routine actions

How does Saleh connect media to nation-building

Cartoons like Burka Avenger actively shape national discourse and ideas about citizenship and equality

What is the significance of connecting equality to national progress

It frames human rights as integral to the success and development of the state

How did Zia’s policies affect girls' education

They reinforced gendered barriers

Why is it important to detach Islam from gender discrimination in discourse

To challenge both domestic patriarchal justifications and colonial narratives about Islam oppressing women

How does Burka Avenger encourage citizenship

By showing women as full citizens entitled to rights

What role do villains play in the debut episode

Represent patriarchal forces and opposition to girls’ education

How does the show promote critical thinking about society

By encouraging viewers to question gender norms

What is Saleh’s critique of elite-focused nation-building

It overlooks the everyday practices through which ordinary citizens construct the nation

How does Burka Avenger demonstrate agency

Women characters actively make decisions

Why does Saleh discuss gendered nationalism

To highlight how national identity often excludes women or frames them symbolically

How is the anti-discrimination message framed in the show

By emphasizing equality of all humans regardless of gender

What is the link between women’s rights and the nation’s future

Educating and empowering women is essential for national progress and prosperity

How does Saleh connect colonial and contemporary narratives

By showing continuity in portraying Muslim women as objects used to justify intervention or control

How do everyday rituals reinforce nationalism

Through language

What does Saleh suggest about the universality of women’s oppression

Claims of universal oppression are often constructed and ignore local religious and cultural discourses

How does Burka Avenger use storytelling to educate

Combines action

How does the show combat patriarchal norms

By depicting female characters in empowered

Why is the show considered revolutionary in Pakistan

It publicly promotes girls’ education

How does Burka Avenger relate to the legacy of Zia

Critiques enduring social and legal inequalities stemming from his Islamicization policies

How are social actors involved in nation-building

Through participation in discourse

What is the effect of framing discrimination as male activity

Highlights gender inequality and positions women as active agents entitled to rights

How do colonizers and anti-colonial movements use veiling

As a means to understand and control the "other

What lesson does the episode teach about human equality

All human beings are born equal

How does Saleh connect media representation to nationhood

Media like Burka Avenger shape perceptions of citizenship

What is the connection between girls’ education and national “doom” in Episode 1

Denying girls education threatens the nation’s future prosperity and stability

How are women reframed beyond national reproduction

As decision-makers and participants in shaping public policy and societal progress

How does Saleha argue Burka Avenger engages in nation-making

By using national frames to address local concerns

What is the importance of visual representation in the show

Action and visuals make abstract ideas like equality and rights tangible for audiences