APWH Vocab 3.2-3.3

3.2 Empires: Administrations; 3.3 Empires: Belief Systems

Divine right of kings

The belief that a ruler was given the right to rule by God; common claim in the European Middle Ages

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler has complete authority, as expressed by the French government in the 17th-18th centuries

Tudors

An English royal family that ruled England from 1485-1603

• relied on justices of the peace for state consolidation and monarch's claim to authority

Justices of the peace

English officials selected by the landed gentry, whose purpose was to keep peace within the counties of England and carry out the monarch's laws

English Bill of Rights

bill that assured individual civil liberties, signed by King William and Queen Mary in 1689

Tax farmers

Those who oversaw the collection of various taxes to support their royal government

Tribute

Resources, goods, or labor paid to a ruler or country in exchange for protection, trade privileges, political recognition, and other forms of support

Intendants

French royal officials/elites who were sent out to the provinces to execute the orders of the central government, effective in state stability

Versailles

A palace built by Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715) outside of Paris, he kept close nobles within the palace to prevent independent action or revolts

Serfdom

A system of agricultural labor where serfs were bound to the land under a landowner; they had limited rights and did work in exchange for protection and a plot of land

Boyars

Russian noble landowners

Romanovs

The Russian family that came to power in 1613 after turmoil following Ivan the Terrible's death, Peter I, or Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725), was a renowned leader of the Romanovs

Devshirme

A selection system where Christian boys ages 8-20 were forcefully recruited to serve in the Ottoman government and military

Janissaries/"slaves of the state"

Elite military corps of the Ottoman Empire, formed from the Christian boys under the devshirme system

Edo

Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate

Period of Great Peace

Created by the Tokugawa Shogunate or Edo Shogunate from 1603-1868, known as an era of political stability and unity under a new government system

Tokugawa Shogunate

ruled from 1603-1868 and founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu, this era was known as the Period of Great Peace because of a reorganization in government consisting of a divided Japan

• Japan was divided into 250 hans/territories, each owned by a daimyo who had their own army. Daimyo had two residences, one in their territory and one in Edo (capital city), so the family had to stay in Edo/Tokyo when the daimyo left for their home territory. This kept the daimyos' power under the shogunate.

Daimyo

Japanese landholding aristocrats

Delhi

capital of Mughal empire under Akbar

Place making

how a culture makes a place fit their identity by shaping the landscape to show what they believe and value (buildings, statues, sacred sites, etc.)

St. Petersburg

Founded by Peter the Great after acquiring land from Sweden to gain access to the Baltic Sea, became the new Russian capital under Peter the Great and was a significant cultural & economic center

Winter Palace

A palace built in St. Petersburg, designed in a European style for the Romanov family

Taj Mahal

A mausoleum at Agra, built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (r. 1628-1658; building completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife

Istanbul

Capital of the Ottoman Empire; the name that replaced Constantinople following the 1453 sack of Constantinople that ended the Byzantine Empire

Suleymaniye Mosque

great mosque built in Constantinople/Istanbul during the rule of Suleyman the Magnificent

Mosque of Isfahan

Mosque located in Isfahan, Iran; core structure built in the 11th century by the Seljuk Turks who established the city as their capital.

• Additions were made later by the Il-Khanate, Timurid, Safavid, and Qajar rule

Zamindars

Paid government officials in charge of certain duties such as taxation, construction, and the water supply in the Mughal Empire

Vernacular

everyday language spoken by ordinary people within a particular region

Simony

the buying or selling of church offices; corrupt practice as a means for rulers to gain power in the Middle Ages

Indulgences

A grant by the Catholic Church for individuals to reduce the punishment of sins; one of the causes of Reformation

95 Theses

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on a church door, questioning the Catholic Church's practices (e.g. indulgences and simony)

Lutheranism

the religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; was the first Protestant faith

Calvinism

the religious doctrine that John Calvin developed; it emphasized the idea that God favored the value of hard work and reinvestment of profits, the community was run by elects (those predestined to go to heaven); Calvinism is another Protestant faith that contributed to the Protestant Reformation

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic remnants. They came to America for religious freedom and settled in Massachusetts Bay.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches (three major figures include Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism)

Anglicanism/Anglican Church

the Church of England, separate from the Catholic Church and the Pope; was established by King Henry VIII and is one of the major figures of the Protestant Reformation

Holy Synod

A governmnent body created by Peter the Great that confirmed his power over the Russian Orthodox Church, replaced the patriarch (head of Church) with clergymen overseen by a secular (non-religious) official

Orthodox Church

a branch of Christianity that adheres to the teachings of the early Church, practiced in Eastern Europe and the Middle East

Counter Reformation

the Catholic Church's reaction and fight against the Reformation movement; it was a three-part strategy that resulted in it remaining as the largest Christian denomination worldwide: the Inquisition, the Jesuits, and the Council of Trent

Inquisition

Catholic institutions established to combat heresy (beliefs against the dominant or generally accepted religion) through a system interrogation and punishment

Jesuits

aka the Society of Jesus and founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540, it was a religious order aimed at engaging in missionary work and counter the spread of Protestantism

Council of Trent

The Catholic Church council held between 1545 and 1563 that addressed the Protestant Reformation, reformed the Church's corruptions, and reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings

Spanish Armada

a large fleet of ships sent by King Phillip II of Spain in 1588 to invade England to reestablish Catholicism and Spanish power there, was defeated by the English navy

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty between Charles V (Holy Roman Empire) and the Lutherans in 1555 that allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran

Edict of Nantes

an official order proclaimed by King Henry IV of France in 1598 where the Huguenots (French protestants, primarily believers of Calvinism) were allowed to practice their faith

Thirty Years War

religious war between Protestant and Catholic states in Europe between 1618 and 1648, initially due to conflict within the Holy Roman Empire; resulted in an economic and environmental catastrophe

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 where each area of the Holy Roman Empire could select one of three religious options: Roman Catholicism (France, Spain, and Italy), Lutheran (parts of N. Europe), or Calvinism (parts of N. Europe)

Shariah law

the code of Islamic law consisting of a strict legal system that deals with all life aspects (e.g. criminal justice, martial laws, inheritance laws)

Sikhism

a monotheistic religion that was a syncretic mix of Hinduism and Sufism developed in the 15th century

Empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience, science should rely on observation and experimentation

Royal Academy of Science

A prestigious institution founded in France in 1666 to promote scientific research and understanding, also established in England

Heliocentric

astronomical theory that places the Sun at the center of the solar system with planets orbiting around it, challenging the geocentric view with Earth in the center