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London, United Kingdom

Site of the London Economic Conference (1933), which sought international cooperation to address the global depression.

New England Coast, United States

Location where Roosevelt withdrew U.S. support from the London Economic Conference while vacationing.

Philippine Islands

The U.S. passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934) to grant independence, reflecting isolationist sentiment and economic concerns.

Tokyo, Japan

Japanese militarists calculated that U.S. withdrawal from the Philippines would weaken American influence in Asia.

Soviet Union

Formally recognized by Roosevelt in 1933 for trade benefits and as a counterbalance to Germany and Japan.

Buenos Aires, Argentina

Host city for Roosevelt’s “Good Neighbor” tour during the Inter-American Conference for Peace in 1936.

Montevideo, Uruguay

Location of the Seventh Pan-American Conference (1933), where the U.S. formally endorsed non-intervention in Latin America.

Haiti

The last U.S. Marines withdrew in 1934 as part of the Good Neighbor Policy.

Cuba

The Platt Amendment was partially repealed in 1934 under the Good Neighbor Policy.

Panama

The U.S. relaxed its control in 1936, reflecting the shift away from interventionism.

Mexico

Tested the Good Neighbor Policy when it nationalized American oil properties in 1938, leading to eventual compromise.

Germany

Under Adolf Hitler, Germany withdrew from the League of Nations (1933), rearmed, and began territorial expansion leading to World War II.

Italy

Benito Mussolini’s fascist regime invaded Ethiopia (1935) and allied with Germany in the Rome-Berlin Axis (1936).

Japan

Became increasingly militaristic, withdrew from the League of Nations (1935), and escalated aggression in Asia, leading to the invasion of China (1937).

Ethiopia

Invaded by Italy in 1935, marking the failure of the League of Nations to prevent aggression.

Princeton University, United States

Site of a 1936 student movement advocating for bonuses to veterans of future wars, reflecting anti-war sentiment.

Spain

The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) became a proving ground for World War II, with U.S. neutrality aiding Francisco Franco’s fascists.

Beijing (Peking), China

Location of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident (1937), which marked the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Shanghai, China

Target of Japanese aggression during its invasion of China.

Rhineland, Germany

Hitler remilitarized this demilitarized zone in 1936, defying the Treaty of Versailles.

Austria

Annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938 during the Anschluss, expanding German territory without military conflict.

Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia

Annexed by Germany in 1938 after the Munich Agreement, symbolizing the policy of appeasement.

Czechoslovakia

Completely occupied by Germany in 1939, violating the Munich Agreement.

Poland

Invaded by Germany on September 1, 1939, triggering World War II.

Warsaw, Poland

Bombed during Germany’s invasion, marking the start of large-scale aerial warfare in World War II.

Denmark

Overrun by Germany in April 1940 as part of its swift conquests in Europe.

Norway

Invaded by Germany in 1940, gaining strategic access to the North Sea.

Netherlands

Attacked by Germany in May 1940 during the invasion of Western Europe.

Belgium

Invaded by Germany in 1940, serving as a route to attack France.

Dunkirk, France

Site of a major evacuation of Allied forces in 1940, saving thousands of soldiers after the German invasion.

Paris, France

Occupied by Germany in June 1940 after the fall of France.

Havana, Cuba

Host of the 1940 Havana Conference, where Western Hemisphere nations agreed to uphold the Monroe Doctrine collectively.

Hamburg, Germany

Departure point of the St. Louis, a ship carrying Jewish refugees denied entry to the Americas.

Miami, United States

Denied entry to Jewish refugees aboard the St. Louis.

England

Recipient of U.S. Lend-Lease aid and a critical front during the Battle of Britain (1940).

Atlantic Ocean

The site of convoy battles between U.S. ships and German U-boats during the lend-lease era.

Newfoundland, Canada

Location of the Atlantic Conference (1941), where Roosevelt and Churchill drafted the Atlantic Charter.

Iceland

A midpoint in U.S. naval escort missions to Britain, drawing U.S. forces into clashes with German submarines.

Hawaii

Location of Pearl Harbor, attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941, leading to U.S. entry into World War II.

Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)

Targeted by Japan for its oil reserves following U.S. embargoes.

Philippines

Strategically important and attacked by Japan shortly after Pearl Harbor.

British Malaya

Considered a possible target for Japanese aggression during late 1941.

Guantánamo Bay, Cuba

Retained as a U.S. naval base after the partial repeal of the Platt Amendment.

Moscow, Soviet Union

Successfully defended against Hitler’s invasion in 1941, halting the Nazi advance.

London

Site of a major 1933 conference aimed at coordinating international recovery efforts during the Great Depression.

New England Coast

Place where Roosevelt decided to withdraw U.S. support from an international economic conference.

Philippines

Region granted independence under the Tydings-McDuffie Act during the 1930s, reflecting U.S. isolationist tendencies.

Tokyo

Capital of the country that calculated it had little to fear after U.S. withdrawal from its largest Asian possession.

Soviet Union

Nation officially recognized by the U.S. in 1933 to bolster trade and counterbalance German and Japanese threats.

Buenos Aires

City where Roosevelt emphasized hemispheric unity during a peace-focused conference.

Montevideo

Location of the Seventh Pan-American Conference, where the U.S. pledged non-intervention in Latin America.

Haiti

Country from which U.S. Marines withdrew in the 1930s as part of a broader non-intervention policy.

Cuba

Country partially freed from U.S. interventionism through changes to the Platt Amendment.

Panama

Nation where U.S. influence was relaxed as part of Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy.

Mexico

Country that tested U.S. non-intervention policies by nationalizing foreign oil properties.

Germany

Country that defied the Treaty of Versailles by rearming and expanding aggressively under a fascist regime.

Italy

Country that allied with Germany and invaded Ethiopia to expand its empire.

Japan

Nation whose militarism grew after withdrawing from international agreements and escalating in Asia.

Ethiopia

African nation invaded by a fascist European power in the 1930s, highlighting international failures.

Princeton

University where students advocated for benefits to potential future veterans as a critique of war.

Spain

Country whose civil war became a proxy conflict for broader ideological struggles leading up to World War II.

Beijing (Peking)

City near a 1937 skirmish that marked the start of a major East Asian war.

Shanghai

Prominent target of Japanese aggression during their invasion of a neighboring country.

Rhineland

Demilitarized zone reoccupied by Germany in violation of a post-World War I treaty.

Austria

Country annexed without conflict by Germany as part of its territorial expansion.

Sudetenland

Region given to Germany through appeasement, in the hope of avoiding further conflict.

Czechoslovakia

Country that was dismembered and later entirely occupied by Nazi forces.

Poland

Nation invaded in 1939, triggering the start of World War II.

Warsaw

City bombed during the opening phase of the war in Europe.

Denmark

Small European country quickly overrun by Germany as part of its early World War II campaigns.

Norway

Northern country invaded by Germany for strategic naval and resource advantages.

Netherlands

Low country attacked as part of Germany's invasion of Western Europe.

Belgium

Nation through which German forces moved to attack France during World War II.

Dunkirk

Site of a massive evacuation of Allied troops under threat from German forces.

Paris

Capital of a major European power that fell to German forces in 1940.

Havana

Host city of a Western Hemisphere conference reinforcing collective defense against Axis threats.

Hamburg

European port from which a ship carrying Jewish refugees departed before being denied entry to the Americas.

Miami

U.S. city that refused entry to Jewish refugees seeking asylum during the Holocaust.

England

Nation that stood alone against Axis powers during the Battle of Britain.

Atlantic Ocean

Region where clashes occurred between U.S. naval escorts and German submarines.

Newfoundland

Site of a significant meeting between U.S. and British leaders to plan post-war goals.

Iceland

Location critical to U.S. naval escort routes during lend-lease operations.

Hawaii

U.S. territory attacked in a surprise military operation, prompting U.S. entry into World War II.

Dutch East Indies

Resource-rich region targeted by Japan for its oil supplies after U.S. embargoes.

Philippines

Asian territory attacked by Japan shortly after its attack on a key U.S. naval base.

British Malaya

Southeast Asian region considered a likely target of Japanese expansion in 1941.

Guantánamo Bay

Naval base retained by the U.S. in a Caribbean country despite reduced intervention policies.

Moscow

City where German forces were stopped in 1941, marking a critical turning point on the Eastern Front.