Psychology Memory Test

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Memory

65 Terms

1

Sensory memory

The immediate, very brief recording of information from the five senses into the memory system. The "entry point."

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2

Memory

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

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3

Encoding

The process of getting information into the memory system.

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4

Storage

The process of retaining encoded information over time.

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5

Retrieval

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

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6

Short-term memory

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly (from 15 to 30 seconds without rehearsal), such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before that information is stored or forgotten.

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7

Long-term memory

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

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8

Working memory

A newer understanding of short-term memory that stresses conscious, active processing of information, whether newly encoded or retrieved from long-term memory.

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9

Automatic processing

Unconscious and unintentional encoding of everyday information.

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10

Effortful processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

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11

Spacing effect

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

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12

Implicit memory

Retaining learned skills or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness; also called non-declarative memory.

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13

Explicit memory

Memory of facts and personal events that you can consciously retrieve; also called declarative memory.

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14

Long-term potentiation

The strengthening of synapses between nerve cells. Believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory.

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15

Flashbulb memory

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

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16

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

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17

Mnemonics

Memory aids or tricks, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

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18

Testing effect

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply re-reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as the retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

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19

Hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

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20

Priming

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

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21

Infantile amnesia

Difficulty or inability that adults have remembering early childhood (because the brain is not developed enough to form long-term explicit memories).

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22

Information-processing model

Model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of stages; created by Atkinson and Shiffrin.

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23

7 +/- 2

The "magical number" (the number of items that can be kept in short-term memory at a time).

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24

Episodic memory

Memory of personal events in a specific time and place.

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25

Semantic memory

Memory for general facts and concepts not linked to a specific time.

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26

Procedural memory

Memory for motor skills and habits, such as texting or riding a bike.

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27

Classical conditioning

Memory of learned associations.

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28

Peg-word system

Mnemonic device in which you associate items you want to remember with a list of words you have already memorized (e.g. one is bun, two is shoe, three is tree, etc.).

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29

Method of loci

Mnemonic device that involves taking a mental walk through a familiar location. A person connects specific locations with the items he or she wants to remember. Also called the "memory palace."

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30

Cerebellum

Part of the brain that plays an important role in forming and storing memories created by classical conditioning.

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31

Basal ganglia

Part of the brain that helps form memories of physical skills (walking, cooking, dressing, etc.).

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32

Echoic memory

A form of sensory memory that allows the mind to temporarily perceive and store auditory information or sound.

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33

Iconic memory

A brief sensory memory of visual stimuli.

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34

Recall

Memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

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35

Retrieval cue

Any stimulus (event, feeling, place, and so on) linked to a specific memory.

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36

Deja vu

That eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

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37

Mood-congruent memory

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.

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38

Memory trace

Physical changes in the brain as a memory forms.

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39

Proactive interference

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. You forget the new.

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40

Repression

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

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41

Misinformation effect

When misleading information is incorporated into one's memory after an event.

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42

Source amnesia

Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined.

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43

Recognition

Memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

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44

Relearning

Memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material a second time.

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45

Retroactive interference

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. You forget the old.

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46

Amnesia

A loss of memory often due to brain trauma, injury, or disease; literally "without memory."

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47

Serial position effect

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

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48

State-dependent memory

The phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as he/she was when the memory was formed. For instance, if you are drunk when you make a memory, you will remember it better when you are drunk again.

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49

Primacy effect

Information from the beginning of a list remembered better.

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50

Recency effect

Information at the end of a list recalled more clearly.

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51

Forgetting curve

A graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually.

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52

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

The inability to retrieve a word from memory, though it is partially recalled and retrieval seems imminent.

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53

Elizabeth Loftus

An American cognitive psychologist who has conducted extensive research on the malleability of human memory.

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54

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A German psychologist known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect.

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55

Anterograde amnesia

Loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories ("senile dementia").

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56

Retrograde amnesia

Loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past.

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57

Elaborative rehearsal

Not only repeating information, but thinking about the meaning of new material and making connections to information already stored in memory; helps encode information into long-term memory.

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58

Maintenance (or rote) rehearsal

Repeating information over and over to maintain it in consciousness (keep it in short-term memory). Shallow processing.

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59

Decay theory

States that memory fades with the passage of time; the memory trace weakens if not used.

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60

TYPES of implicit (mostly automatic) memory

Procedural, classical conditioning, priming

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61

TYPES of explicit memory

Semantic, episodic

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62

Selective attention

Determines what information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory.

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63

Self-reference effect

Tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves.

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64

Name or word mnemonic (acronym)

A word formed from the first letter of each word in a series. Example: ROY G. BIV

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65

Expression mnemonic (acrostic)

The first letter of each item in a list is arranged to form an expression, phrase, or sentence. Example: Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally

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