ap human final review

choropleth map

Use various colors, shades of one color, or patterns to show the location and distribution of spatial data.

dot-density map

Each dot represents a specified quantity of a spatial characteristic.

graduated/ proportional symbol

Use symbols of different sizes to indicate different amounts of a variable.

cartogram

The sizes of countries are shown according to a specific variable. Area is distorted to show a variable

isoline

use lines that connect points of equal value to depict variations in the data across space. Used for weather and elevation

mercator map projection

area is distorted near the poles with increased size of high latitude areas, however right angles of latitude and longitude are preserved, making the main use to be nautical navigation

peters equal area

area of landmasses are accurate, reposition many countries to their rightful size, however shapes are inaccurate near the poles, and is vertically stretched near the equator.

robinson

often called the “compromise map” because there are no major disortions

sense of place

factors that contribute to the uniqueness of a location

cultural landscape/ built environment

physical artifacts that humans created which make up the landscape. Human produced

placelessness

a location without a distinctive sense of place

toponym

location’s name, usually reflective of culture and history of a place. Ex. Georgetown, Washington, etc.

site/ physical landscape

environmental features of a location; includes climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, elevation

distance decay

the interaction between two places declines as the distance between the two places increases

time space compression

the increasing sense of accessibility and connectivity which seems to bring humans in distance places closer together

environmental determinism

the belief that climate and landforms are the most powerful forces shaping human behavior and societlal/cultural development

possibilism

acknowledges the limitations imposed by the natural environment but focuses on the role of human culture to modify and respond to the environment to better fit human needs

GIS

computer system/software that stores, analyzes, and displays information from multiple digital maps or data sets

GPS

Satellites orbit the earth and communicate location information to GPS receivers

remote sensing

The use of cameras or other sensors mounted on aircraft or satellites which orbit the earth above the atmosphere to collect digital images of earth’s surface

small scale maps

show LARGE area with SMALL amounts of data, zoomed out

large scale maps

show SMALL area with LARGE amounts of data, zoomed in

formal region

united by one or more specific traits

economic, social, political, environmental

functional region

organized around a central node (focal point), relationship is typically based around economics, travel or communication

perceptual/vernacular region

based on a person’s perspective or perception of a certain location

intervening obstacle

barriers that hold migrants back from continuing to travel

intervening opportunity

an opportunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling

raventstein’s laws of migration

migration is typically short in distance

migration occurs in steps

urban areas attract both long distance and rural migrants

every migration generates a counter migration

young, single, adult males are more likely to migrate than females (women migrate shorter distances)

most migration is due to economic factors

remittances

money sent back to migrant’s conutry of orgin

what are the major flows of remittances?

latin america to north america

southwest asia to europe

asia to north america

transhumance migration

traditional migration of nomadic herders that move their livestock from high elevations in the summer and lower elevations in the winter

chain migration

immigrants follow family members, friends, or community members that have previously migrated to that location

step migration

migrants reach their eventual destination through a serires of smaller movements

ex: migration from a rural area to a city, then a larger city, then finally to a metropolis

refugees

someone who has to flee his or her country because of persecution, war of violence

internally displaced persons (IDP)

someone who has been forced to flee their home but never crosses an international border.

asylum seekers

when people flee their own country they can apply for asylum

• recognized as a refugee and receive legal protection and material assistance

• an asylum seeker must demonstrate that his or her fear of persecution in his or her home country is well-founded

brain drain

loss of trained or best and brightest people to emigration

Where is population distributed the most?

• east asia

• south asia

• southeast asia

• western europe

arithmetic desnity

total area divided by land area (does not account for fertile land)

physiological density

most accurate as it shows how dense it is WHERE the majority of people live

• total population divided by arable land

dependency ratio

number of people in a dependent age group divided by the number of people in the working-age group

• under the age of 15 and over the age of 65

ETM

stage one: infectious diseases

• cholera

• tuberculosis

• animal attacks

• malnutrition

stage two: receding pandemics

• pandemics and infectious diseases still present but begin to decline

• new medical advancements

• sanitation and improved nutrition

stage three: degenerative and human made diseases

• heart diseases

• cancer

stage four: delayed degenerative diseases

• alzheimer’s

• dementia

pro-natalist policies

government encourages families through propaganda and incentives to have children

anti-natalist policies

government discourages families through propaganda, disincentives, and policies

malthusian theory

• all about carrying capacity, geographers way of saying “over population”

• industrial revolution- increase in life expectancy/decrease in death rate

boserup’s theory

as population increases, humans will develop new technologies to also increase production of food supply

cultural relativism

an unbiased way of viewing another culture, the goal of this is to promote understanding of cultural practices that are not typically part of one’s own culture. Leads to the view that no culture is superior over another

ethnocentrism

judging other cultures in terms of one’s own standards and often includes the belief that one’s own culture/ethnic group is better than others

artifact

physical cultural objects

mentifacts

ideas, beliefs, and values of a culture

sociofacts

ways a culture organizes society

taboos

behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture. Many cultures have taboos against eating certain foods. This impacts cultural landscape

folk culture

small, homogenous groups of people often living in rural areas that are isolated and resistant to change

has a strong sense of place (distinctiveness)

popular/global culture

large, heterogenous groups of people, often living in urban areas that are interconnected through globalization and the internet/social media

placelessness: loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next (ex. malls)

cultural norms

agreed upon cultural practices or standards that guide the behavior of a culture

cultural landscape

a natural landscape that has been modified by humans, reflecting their cultural beliefs and values

examples: eiffel tower, great wall of china, great pyrmaids, mt. Fuji, etc.

sequent occupance

societies or cultural groups leave their cultural imprints when they live in a place, each contributing to the overall cultural landscape over time

ex: ponce city market used to be a a mail order warehouse but is now a farmers market

ethnicity

sense of belonging or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture. This is different from ace which is based on physical characteristics

ethnic neighborhoods/enclaves

people of the same ethnicity that cluster together in a specific location, typically within a major city

example: chinatown in chicago

traditional architecture

influenced by the environment and built with available local materials

reflective of history, culture, and climate

postmodern architecture

diverse designs, representative of popular culture, buisness and economic success

example: skyscrapers

cultural realm

areas of the world that share cultural traits such as language families, religious traditions, food preferences, architecture, and/or shared history. These cultural traits comprise a similar cultural landscape (although not the exact same) in each cultural realm

anglo-american

• language: english (indo-european family)

• religion: christianity

• shared history: european settlement & colonization

• ethnicity: indigenous, european, african, hispanic

latin america

• langauge: spanish (indo-european family)

• religon: roman catholicism

• ethnicity: hispanic, afro-caribbean and Afro-Latino, European, Indigenous

• shared history: colonized by europeans

centripetal forces

characteristics that unify a country and provide stability

centrifugal forces

characteristics that divide a country and create instability, conflict, and violence

cultural hearth

the geographic origin of a culture or cultural trait. Traits first diffuse from the cultural hearth

relocation diffusion

the spread of a cultural trait through the migration of people

as people migrate they take their cultural traits with them

example: Europeans exploration- spread of christianity and european languages

expansion diffusion

the spread of a cultural trait through the interaction between people. There are three subtypes of expansion diffusion (contaigous, hierarchial, stimulus)

contaigous diffusion

spreads rapidly, widely, and continuously from its hearth through close contact between people

• time space compression/globalization and cell phones

• example: viral videos on tiktok

hierarchial diffusion

spread of cultural traits from the msot interconnected, powerful, wealthy people/organizations down to others

• example: fashion trends start from celebrities- lebron buys a pair of shoes and posts about it and then it sells out of the store the next day

reverse hierarchial diffusion

spread form the least interconnected, wealthy, or powerful people/organizations outwards

example: lobster was originally fed to prison inmates “poor man’s food” but is now a delicacy

stimulus diffusion

as cultural traits spread they are altered/modified due to a cultural barrier, taboo, or difference

example: McDonald’s in India was adapted to offer veggie burgers

imperialism

the dominance of one country over another country through diplomacy or force

colonialism

when a powerful country establishes a settlement in a less powerful country for economic and/or political gain

neocolonialism

“new” colonialism- term to describe how i more modern times, imperialism can be pursued through the assertion of political, economic and cultural influence rather than occupation

pidgin language

an extremely simplified, limited non-native language used by two people that speak two different languages

creole language

a pidgin language that develops into a new combined language with native speakers. Frequently developed through settings of colonization or slavery

lingua franca

the most common language used by speakers of two different languages for communication

usually for trade and business

world lingua franca: was french but is now english

dialect

variations in accent, grammar, usage, and spelling that develops out of geographic distance or isolation

• dialect is different WORDS

official language

used by government of a country for laws, reports, signs, public objects, money, stamps

globalization

the trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world without regard to borders and barriers

cultural convergence

the process of two or more cultures coming into contact with each other and adopting each other’s traits to become more alike

cultural divergence

culture becomes LESS alike due to both cultural and physical barriers. The process of a culture restricting contact with other cultures in order to retain its originality. Separating/distinguishing from mainstream

indo-european langauge family

largest language family with about 3.2 billion speakers around the world

sino-tibetan language family

second largest with 1.4 billion speakers

mostly concentrated in east and southwest america

romance language branch

• spanish

• portuguese

• french

• italian

germanic language branch

• german

• english

• dutch

dialects

variation of a standard language distinguished by vocabulary, word choice, pronunciation, speed, and spelling

isogloss

a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs

lines that divide dialects

kurgan warrior theory

indo-european language first diffused from a hearth located in modern russia/ukraine around 1000 BCE. The kurgans who were nomadic warriors conquered their way through Europe and South Asia and spread language

anatolian farmer theory

the adoption of the indo-european language was facilitated through successful agricultural practices, As culture became more successful, surplus food were available

What is the order of the largest religons? (large to small)

1. christianity- 2.4 billion

2. islam- 1.9 billion

3. hinduism- 1 billion

4. unaffiliated - 1.2 billion

5. buddhism 500 million

universalizing religon

• widely diffused from the hearth through both expansion and relocation diffusion

• not confined to a specific location

• missionary- attempt to convert people to join

• examples: christianity, islam, buddhism, sikhism

ethnic religion

• smaller diffusion and overall distribution from hearth

• restricted to relocation diffusion

• tied to a specific location and/or ethnic group

• does NOT recruit new adherents

• examples: hinduism, judaism, shintoism, traditional religions

christianity

• hearth: the west bank, present day Israel

• diffusion: hierarchical diffusion

• important day: Christmans, Easter

• important places: vatican, bethlehem, jerusalem

• three main branches: roman catholicism, protestantism, eastern orthodox

islam

• belief in allah (abrahamic faith)

• founded by muhammad they believe that he was a prophet of God

• important holidays: ramadan (fasting and prayer); Hajj

• important places: mecca, medina, jerusalem

• two main branches: sunni and Shia

• hearth: mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia

• type of diffusion: contagious and hierarchial

buddhism

• apatheistic religion: God holds no practical significance in Buddhism

• Founder: Siddhartha Guatama

• important days: Vesakha (birth of Buddha), Bodhi day (day Buddha received enlightenment)

• important places: Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, Kusinara

• 4 noble truths and eightfold path

hinduism

• largest concentration: Nepal and India

• hearth: India

• ethnic religion

• type of diffusion: relocation

judaism

• ethnic religion

• important holidays: Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Hannukah

• located around the world because of the diaspora

• hearth: Israel/ Lebanon

• Abraham was a prophet and founded the religion

• relocation diff