Thoracic Cavity & Lungs L05

The _______/_______ cavity is the cavity that contains the CNS with meninges

posterior/dorsal

The posterior/dorsal cavity is posterior to the ________ _________

ventral bodies

The _______/_______ cavity is the cavity that contains the cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, and urogenital organs + associated structures

anterior/ventral

The anterior/ventral cavity is anterior to the ________ _________

ventral bodies

List the two cavities associated with the posterior/dorsal cavity:

cranial, vertebral

List the three cavities associated with the anterior/ventral cavity:

thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

List the two (general) spaces of the thoracic cavity:

pleural cavities, mediastinum

The _________ ___________ is a cavity above the sternal angle/T4-T5 junction

superior mediastinum

The _________ ___________ is a cavity located from the sternal angle/T4-T5 junction to the respiratory diaphragm

inferior mediastinum

The ________ ________ has three sections (anterior, middle, and posterior) that are relevant to the __________

inferior mediastinum, pericardium

The ________ _______ line body cavities and do not open to the outside. They coat organs as they develop and expand into the cavity.

serous membranes

The portion of membrane coating an organ is called ________ and the portion of membrane on the body wall is called ________

visceral, parietal

List three examples of serous membranes in the body:

pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

___________ carry blood away from the heart

arteries

The ________ ______ is an artery that emerges from the heart and gives rise to several other large arteries

aortic arch

The aortic arch curves down and becomes the _________ AKA _________ _________ which gives rise to the posterior intercostal arteries

descending, thoracic aorta

The ________ ________ emerges from the heart and goes down into the right and left pulmonary arteries and then the lungs

pulmonary trunk

The ________ is the serous membrane of pleural cavities

pleura

The ________ is the serous membrane of the middle mediastinum

pericardium

The ________ is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

peritoneum

_____ carry blood back to the heart

veins

The _______ veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

pulmonary

The ______ ______ ______ carries blood from the abdomen, through the diaphragm, and to the heart

inferior vena cava

The ________ system carries ECF, solutes, and proteins and returns them to the bloodstream

lymphatic

The ________ system absorbs fat (chylomicrons) from the small intestine

lymphatic

The lymphatic system includes ______ (plasma-like watery fluid), _________ (AKA immune cells), a system of lymph ______ for transport, ______ ________ to filter lymph, and ______ _______ in the respiratory/GI tracts, tonsils, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow

lymph, lymphocytes, vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid tissue

Lymph from the left half and lower right half of the body drain to the ______ _______

thoracic duct

Lymph from the upper right half of the body drains to the _______ ________ ______

right lymphatic duct

The ______ ______ begins with cisternal chyli in the abdomen and runs superiorly on thoracic vertebral bodies out of the superior thoracic aperture

thoracic duct

The ______ _____ empties into the bloodstream near the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins and then empty into the ________ ______ ______

thoracic duct, superior vena cava

The ________ _________ ________ empties into the bloodstream near the junction of the right subclavian and the internal jugular veins and then empties into the ________ ________ _________

right lymphatic duct, superior vena cava

The _______ nerve innervates the diaphragm

phrenic

The phrenic nerve arises in the neck and descends into the thorax via the _______ _________ _______

superior thoracic aperture

The ________ nerve runs along/in the pericardium between the heart and lungs

phrenic

The phrenic nerve passes _______ (in front of/behind) the hilum with pericardiacophrenic arteries and veins

in front of

The ________ nerve is the parasympathetic innervation for most post-cranial viscera

vagus

The _______ nerve gives off recurrent laryngeal nerves which loop back up into the larynx.

vagus

The vagus nerve passes _______ (in front of/behind) the hilum

behind

The _______ nerve AND the _________ ________/________ contributes to cardiopulmonary plexuses which innervate the heart and lungs

vagus, sympathetic trunk/chain

The ________ nerve branches into a net of nerves that ride the esophagus into the abdomen (AKA the esophageal plexus)

vagus

The _______ ______/_____ carries sympathetic signals up/down the body

sympathetic trunk/chain

The sympathetic trunk/chain gives off the ________ nerves which innervate the abdominal organs

splanchnic

The __________ carries ingested items from the throat to the stomach

esophagus

The esophagus is ________(anterior/posterior) to the trachea and heart and ________ (anterior/posterior) to vertebral bodies

posterior, anterior

The ________ is a specialized lymphoid organ that is the primary site of T-cell generation and maturation

thymus

During adolescence, the _______ begins a slow degeneration where body tissue is replaced by fat

thymus

The thymus is __________ (anterior/posterior) to the great vessels in the superior mediastinum

anterior

The ________ pleura is attached to the lungs

visceral

The ________ pleura is attached to the thoracic wall

parietal

The _______ pleura has lots of afferent nerve fibers that are carried back to the CNS by intercostal nerves or phrenic nerves

parietal

The __________ ________ is within the pleural sac/between layers of pleura, filled with serous fluid to increase surface tension between the thoracic cage and the lungs

pleural cavity

_______ _________ is the space used to describe the area of the pleural cavity filled with serous fluid to increase surface tenstion between the thoracic cage and lungs

potential space

The _______ _______ creates a vacuum that pulls air into the lungs

pleural cavity

If air is introduced into the ______ _________, tension is dispersed and the lungs cannot expand; this is known as a __________

pleural cavity, pneumothorax

The lungs expand due to movement of the _______ ________

thoracic wall

An insertion of a chest tube occurs in the ______ or ______ intercostal space at the anterior axillary line

4th, 5th

The treatment for a pneumothorax is a ______ ________ ________

chest tube insertion

The _______ cartilage in the trachea is below the thyroid cartilage (AKA Adam's apple)

cricoid

The _______ cartilage in the trachea is the last cartilage before the split into the primary bronchi, around the sternal angle

carina

The trachea is ________ (anterior/posterior) to the esophagus

anterior

The C-shaped cartilages in the trachea are closed posteriorly by the _________ muscle

trachealis

The _________ muscle changes the diameter of the trachea to accommodate swallowing and increase force of exhalation for coughing/sneezing

trachealis

_______ cells secrete mucus in the trachea

goblet

_______ cells sweep debris in the trachea

ciliated

______ cells divide, differentiate, and metabolize toxic chemicals in the trachea

clara

The main/primary bronchi enter at each lung's _______

hilum

The ________ (right/left) primary bronchi is shorter, wider, and more vertical so aspirated objected tend to end up there

right

The bronchi continue to divide into ____________ that end in _______ (air sacs which allow gas exchange through a membrane

bronchioles, alveoli

_______ _______ _________ _______ is characterized by inflammation of the lining of bronchi with increased mucus production which leads to difficulty breathing and chronic coughing. This disease can damage the bronchi structure

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The right lung has ____ lobes and ______ fissure(s)

3, 2

The left lung has ____ lobes and ______ fissure(s)

2, 1

List the three lobes of the right lung:

superior, middle/oblique, inferior

List the two fissures of the right lung:

horizontal, oblique

List the two lobes of the left lung:

superior, inferior

In the _______ (left, right) lung, the middle/oblique lobe was shrunken and fused with the superior lobe to accommodate the heart

left

The _______ is the remnant of fused middle lobe in the _____ (right/left) lung

lingula, left

List the fissure of the left lung:

oblique

Each lung has _____ segments (although the left lung has ______ clinical segments)

10, 8

Each segment of the lungs are encased in _________ ________ making them independent, resectable respiratory units

visceral pleura

List the four components of the hilum(s) in the lungs:

main bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins (2), hilar lymph nodes

The ______ ________ is the vessel of the hilum carrying air into the lungs

main bronchus

The ______ ________ is the vessel of the hilum carrying deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary trunk to the lungs to get oxygenated

pulmonary artery

The ______ ________ are the vessels carrying oxygenated blood back to the left atrium

pulmonary veins

The ________ (AKA _________) lymph nodes drain lymph from intrapulmonary vessels/nodes

Hilar, bronchopulmonary

In the right hilum, the pulmonary arteries are ________ (anterior/superior) to the bronchus

anterior

In the left hilum, the pulmonary arteries are ________ (anterior/superior) to the bronchus

superior

The aortic impression is a posterior feature of the _______ (right/left) lung

left

The esophageal impression is a posterior feature of the _______ (right/left) lung

right

The azygous vein impression is a posterior feature of the _______ (right/left) lung

right

The _______ separates the thorax and abdomen and transmits structures between the two spaces

diaphragm

The diaphragm is anchored to surfaces of L1-3 vertebral bodies via the left and right ______ (AKA _____)

crus, legs

The diaphragm is innervated via the _______ nerve by exiting cervical vertebrae #___-___

phrenic, 3-5

If the spinal cord is injured at ____ or lower, there is near complete paralysis below the neck, but little effect on breathing

C5

If the spinal cord is injured at ____ or higher, there is near complete paralysis of the body wall and limbs with at least partial paralysis of the diaphragm

C4

There are 4 passageways (inferiorly) through the diaphragm. The _____ ________ allows the inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve to pass through the diaphragm

caval hiatus

There are 4 passageways (inferiorly) through the diaphragm. The _____ ________ allows the esophagus and vagal trunks to pass through the diaphragm

esophageal hiatus

There are 4 passageways (inferiorly) through the diaphragm. The _____ ________ allows the aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein, and splanchnic nerve to pass through the diaphragm

aortic hiatus

There are 4 passageways (inferiorly) through the diaphragm. The _____ ________ ____ allow the psoas, quadratus lumborum, sympathetic trunk, and subcostal VAN pass through the diaphragm

posterior arcuate gaps

_________ law represents the inverse relationship between pressure and volume

Boyle's

Increase in lung volume creates ______ (positive/negative) pressure in the lungs

negative