Chapter 3 - Part 3: NS and ES

types of neurons (3)

sensory (afferent) neuron

motor (efferent) neuron

interneuron

sensory neuron

carries info from sensory receptors

motor neuron

sends info to muscles and glands

interneuron:

location

function

within CNS

communicates among sensory and motor neurons 

spinal cord

central pathway of info

what is a reflex?

how is it triggered?

involuntary movement in response to a stimulus

sensory info is powerful enough to reach threshold and interneurons in spinal cord send message through motor neurons without relaying info to brain

systems in peripheral nervous system (2)

somatic

autonomic

peripheral nervous system

links CNS to body’s sense receptors, muscles, and glands

somatic nervous system?

main function?

division of PNS that controls external/voluntary activities

muscle contraction

autonomic nervous system?

examples? (3)

division of PNS that controls internal/involuntary activities

heart rate, breathing, digestion

subdivisions of autonomic nervous system (2)

sympathetic division

parasympathetic division

sympathetic division main function?

how does it do this?

examples? (3)

prepares body for stress

activating organs and glands in endocrine system

increase heart rate, breathing, slows digestion

parasympathetic division (2)

calms body by slowing heart and breathing

allows body to recover from activities sympathetic system causes

example of sympathetic and parasympathetic activities

symp: not being hungry before stressful event

para: feeling starved after

link of nervous system and endocrine system

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems interact with endocrine system to release hormones that influence feelings and behaviors

pituitary gland is aka?

functions (2)

master gland

growth

tells other glands what to do

pancreas helps regulate?

hormones (2)

blood sugar levels

insulin & glucagon

pineal gland secretes what hormone

melatonin

thyroid glands

parathyroid glands

metabolism

calcium

adrenal glands secrete what hormone

adrenaline

2 classes of adaptations

survival and reproduction

example of survival adaptation

develop sweat glands to cool ourselves and survive in hot temperatures

theories on evolution (2)

sexual selection theory

gene selection theory

sexual selection theory describes?

example

how evolution has shaped us to provide a mating advantage, rather than a survival advantage

peacock bright feathers are for reproduction, not survival

sexual selection theory occurs through 2 pathways

intrasexual competition

intersexual selection

intrasexual competition

competition between one sex (usually males to get female)

intersexual selection

example?

desired qualities get chosen by opposite sex

colorful peacocks

gene selection theory

evolution favours behaviours that help genes survive and reproduce

psychological adaptations

example?

mental traits evolved to solve problems related to survival and reproduction

jealousy evolved to protect relationships and reproduction

physiological adaptations

example?

changes in body to help survive or reproduce

calluses

sexual strategies theory

humans have evolved different mating strategies because they face different reproductive challenges over time

error management theory

evolution of how we think, make decisions, and evaluate uncertain situations

cost asymmetries

low reward high cost

examples of emt (2)

visual descent illusion

auditory looming bias

visual descent illusion

slopes look steeper looking down than it really is, for safety reasons

auditory looming bias

perceiving approaching sounds to be closer than they really are, for survival reasons

emt predicts that men have ______, which is?

sexual overperception bias

misread sexual interest from friendly woman

eugenics

shaping of human characteristics through intentional breeding

behavioural genetics

science of how genes and environments work together to influence behaviour

ways to observe nature-nurture in humans (2)

these also explain which discipline?

adoption study

twin studies

quantitative genetics

quantitative genetics?

what does it produce?

how genes and environment shape certain traits (height, intelligence)

heritability coefficient

heritability coefficient?

factors that contribute to the issue? (2)

from 0-1, measures the genetic influence on a trait in a population

gene-environment interaction

epigenetics

gene-environment interaction

genes and environment work together to shape traits and behavior

epigenetics

dna is modified by environmental events and could pass onto generations