Chapter 3 - Part 3: NS and ES

types of neurons (3)

sensory (afferent) neuron

motor (efferent) neuron

interneuron

sensory neuron

carries info from sensory receptors

motor neuron

transmits info to muscles and glands

interneuron:

location

function

within CNS

communicates among sensory and motor neurons 

spinal cord

central pathway of info

what is a reflex?

how is it triggered?

involuntary movement in response to a stimulus

sensory info is powerful enough to reach threshold and interneurons in spinal cord send message through motor neurons without relaying info to brain

other types of nervous systems (3)

peripheral 

somatic

autonomic

peripheral nervous system

links CNS to body’s sense receptors, muscles, and glands

somatic nervous system

division of PNS that controls external activities, including skeletal muscles, skin, sense organs

autonomic nervous system

division of PNS that controls internal activities, including heart rate, breathing, digestion

subdivisions of autonomic nervous system (2)

sympathetic division

parasympathetic division

sympathetic division

prepares body for behavior (esp stress) by activating organs and glands in endocrine system

parasympathetic division (2)

calms body by slowing heart and breathing

allows body to recover from activities sympathetic system causes

example of sympathetic and parasympathetic activities

symp: not being hungry before stressful event

para: feeling starved after

link of nervous system and endocrine system

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems interact with endocrine system to release hormones that influence feelings and behaviors

pituitary gland functions (3)

aka?

controls body growth

secretes hormones for pain and sex

ovulation and menstrual cycle

master gland

pancreas secretes what hormone

fuel to produce and maintain energy

pineal gland secretes what hormone

regulate sleep cycle (melatonin)

thyroid and parathyroid glands (2)

control calcium

how quickly body uses energy and hormones

adrenal glands secret what hormone

adrenaline

2 classes of adaptations

survival and reproduction

example of survival adaptation

develop sweat glands to cool ourselves and survive in hot temperatures

theories on evolution (2)

sexual selection theory

gene selection theory

sexual selection theory describes

how evolution has shaped us to provide a mating advantage, rather than a survival advantage

sexual selection theory occurs through 2 pathways

intrasexual competition

intersexual selection

intrasexual competition

members of one sex compete against each other and winner gets to mate with member of opposite sex

intersexual selection

example?

human version

desired qualities (good health, intelligence) get passed on more because it is more attractive = mate more

colorful peacocks

mutual mate choice

gene selection theory

genes that reproduce better have advantage over genes that are less able

psychological adaptations

example?

mechanisms of the mind that evolved to solve specific problems of survival or reproduction

jealousy

physiological adaptations

example?

occur in body as a consequence of one’s environment

calluses

sexual strategies theory

humans have evolved different mating strategies because they face different reproductive challenges over time

error management theory

evolution of how we think, make decisions, and evaluate uncertain situations

cost asymmetries

low reward high cost

examples of emt (2)

visual descent illusion

auditory looming bias

visual descent illusion

overestimating distance when looking down from height compared to looking up

auditory looming bias

people overestimate how close objects are when sound is moving toward them compared to when moving away

emt predicts that man have ______, which is?

sexual overperception bias

misread sexual interest from friendly woman

eugenics

shaping of human characteristics through intentional breeding

behavioural genetics

science of how genes and environments work together to influence behaviour

ways to observe nature-nurture in humans (2)

these also explain which discipline?

adoption study

twin studies

quantitative genetics

quantitative genetics?

what does it produce?

similarities among individuals are analyzed based on how biologically related they are 

heritability coefficient

heritability coefficient

from 0-1, measures how strongly differences among individuals are related to differences among their genes

gene-environment interaction

genes and environment work together to shape traits and behavior

epigenetics

dna is modified by environmental events and could pass onto generations