Reformation

Corruption of the Catholic Church

The Catholic Church was seen as corrupt and out of touch with the people by 1300.

Bureaucratic Church

The Church became increasingly bureaucratic and resistant to reform.

Babylonian Captivity

A conflict between the King of France and the Pope led to the Pope moving to Avignon, resulting in seven Popes residing there.

The Great Schism

The election of two Popes, Urban VI and Clement VII, divided the Catholic Church until 1417.

Clergy's Interests

Many clergy were more focused on wealth and advancement than on spiritual guidance.

Simony

The practice of selling church positions for profit.

Nepotism

Granting church positions to friends and family regardless of qualifications.

Indulgences

Sold by the Church to reduce time in Purgatory, generating income for the Church.

John Wyclif

An English theologian who criticized the Church's wealth and advocated for personal Bible reading.

Jan Hus

A Czech theologian who denied papal authority and sought to end clerical corruption.

Council of Pisa

A council that attempted to resolve the schism by deposing two popes and electing a third.

Conciliar Movement

Aimed to end the schism and reform the Church, but ultimately failed.

Martin Luther

A key figure in the Reformation who emphasized justification by faith and questioned Church practices.

Johann Tetzel

A Dominican Friar known for promoting indulgences, which sparked Luther's 95 Theses.

Diet of Worms

A council where Luther refused to recant his beliefs, leading to his excommunication.

Peasant Revolt of 1524

A revolt aiming to abolish the privileges of the clergy and nobles, resulting in significant violence.

Ulrich Zwingli

A priest who initiated the Protestant movement in Switzerland, advocating for salvation by faith.

John Calvin

A leader of the Reformation who introduced the concept of predestination and established a religious state in Geneva.

Anabaptists

Radical reformers who advocated for adult baptism and separation of church and state.

Henry VIII

The English king who broke from the Catholic Church to annul his marriage, leading to the establishment of the Church of England.

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king as the head of the Church of England, solidifying the break from Rome.

Catholic Reformation

A movement to reform the Catholic Church and counter the Protestant Reformation.

Jesuits

Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, they played a significant role in promoting Catholicism through education.

Council of Trent

A council that established Catholic doctrine and addressed abuses within the Church.

Baroque Art

Art used by the Catholic Church to reinforce doctrine and evoke emotional responses.

Philip II of Spain

A king who sought to eliminate Protestantism and made Catholicism the state religion of Spain.

The Dutch Revolt

A rebellion against Spanish rule that led to the establishment of the Dutch Republic.

The Spanish Armada

An unsuccessful attempt by Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth I of England, marking the decline of Spanish power.