Human Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes

These flashcards cover key concepts related to bones, skeletal tissues, their classification, functions, and processes involved in bone health and development.

Axial skeleton

Bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Appendicular skeleton

Bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip.

Long bones

Bones that are longer than they are wide, such as the humerus.

Short bones

Cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle, including those that form within tendons like the patella.

Flat bones

Thin, flattened bones that can be slightly curved, such as the sternum and most skull bones.

Irregular bones

Bones with complicated shapes, like vertebrae and hip bones.

Hematopoiesis

The formation of blood cells occurring within the marrow cavities of bones.

Periosteum

Double-layered protective membrane surrounding bones.

Compact bone

Dense outer layer of bone.

Spongy bone

Honeycomb-like structure filled with marrow found in certain bones.

Intramembranous ossification

Process where bone develops from a fibrous membrane, forming most flat bones of the skull.

Endochondral ossification

Process where hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone, common in long bones.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells responsible for bone deposition.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix.

Osteoclasts

Large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix.

Calcitonin

Hormone released by the thyroid gland that stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Hormone released by parathyroid glands that stimulates osteoclast activity to release Ca2+ into the blood.

Wolff's law

A bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it.

Comminuted fracture

A type of fracture where the bone fragments into three or more pieces.

Greenstick fracture

An incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends, common in children.

Osteomalacia

Condition of inadequately mineralized bones causing pain when weight is placed on them.

Osteoporosis

Group of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposition.

Paget's disease

Characterized by excessive bone formation and breakdown, leading to weakened bones.