APUSH Period 4 nmeomic devices

Panic of 1819

18–19 Crash:

• The first major U.S. economic depression caused by bank failures and over-speculation after the War of 1812.
  Tip: Think 1819 as the year the economy crashed for the first time.

Business Cycle

Boom–Bust Cycle:

• The repeating pattern of economic growth, recession, and recovery in a capitalist economy.
  Tip: Think the economy goes up, down, then back again.

Outwork System

Work-Out System:

• A system where merchants had goods produced in workers’ homes before factories existed.
  Tip: Think workers made goods OUT of the factory.

Commonwealth System

Common Good Economy:

• State governments promoted economic growth through banks, roads, canals, and business charters.
  Tip: Think the government worked for the COMMON good.

Limited Liability

Limited Risk Rule:

• A legal rule that limits an investor’s losses to the amount they invested.
  Tip: Think your financial risk is LIMITED.

Eminemt Domain

Land-Taking Power:

• The government’s power to take private land for public use with compensation.
  Tip: Think the government can TAKE land for roads and canals.

Division of Labor

Task-Splitting Labor:

• The splitting of production into specialized tasks to increase efficiency.
  Tip: Think dividing jobs makes work faster.

factory

One-Roof Production:

• A centralized workplace using machines and wage labor to produce goods.
  Tip: Think machines and workers under one roof.

Eli Whitney

Standard-Parts Whitney:

• An inventor who promoted interchangeable parts and invented the cotton gin.
  Tip: Think Whitney = standardized parts.

Machine tools/interchangeable parts

Same-Parts System:

• Machine-made standardized parts that allow mass production.
  Tip: Think every piece fits everywhere.

Cotton gin

Fast-Clean Cotton:

• A machine that removed seeds from cotton, making cotton profitable and expanding slavery.
  Tip: Think cotton gets cleaned fast, so slavery grows.

Craft Union

Skilled-Only Union:

• Labor unions made up of skilled workers to protect wages and conditions.
  Tip: Think CRAFT workers only.

Erie Canal

East-to-West Waterway:

• A canal that connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic and boosted trade and settlement.
  Tip: Think the Erie Canal linking East and West.

Self made man

Rags-to-Riches Idea:

• The belief that individuals can achieve success through hard work alone.
  Tip: Think anyone can rise from nothing.

Nativism

Native-First Movement:

• An anti-immigrant movement opposing Irish and German immigrants.
  Tip: Think NATIVES come first.

Political Machine

Vote-for-Favors System:

• A party organization that exchanged jobs and services for votes.
  Tip: Think votes in, favors out.

Patronage

Reward-Your-Friends:

• The practice of giving government jobs to political supporters.
  Tip: Think support the party and get rewarded.

Election of 1824

House-Chosen Election:

• An election decided by the House of Representatives when no candidate won a majority.
  Tip: Think the people voted, but the House decided.

Corrupt Bargain

Backroom Deal:

• A secret political agreement that helped John Quincy Adams become president.
  Tip: Think politicians making a deal behind closed doors.

John Quincy Adams

Smart-But-Unpopular:

• A nationalist president who supported federal improvements but lacked popular support.
  Tip: Think big ideas, little support.

American System

Tariff-Bank-Road Plan:

• Henry Clay’s plan to strengthen the national economy.
  Tip: Think tariffs, bank, roads.

Rotation in office/Spoils System

New-Jobs Rule:

• The policy of replacing government workers with party supporters.
  Tip: Think new president = new jobs.

Andrew Jackson

People’s President:

• A populist president who expanded democracy and presidential power.
  Tip: Think Jackson as the people’s man.

Nullification crisis

State-Says-No Challenge:

• A conflict where South Carolina attempted to nullify federal tariffs, testing federal vs. state power.
  Tip: Think state says no to the federal government.

John C Calhoun

States’-Rights Defender:

• A politician who supported nullification and argued that slavery was a “positive good.”
  Tip: Think defender of states and slavery.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Move-Tribes Law:

• A law that forced Native American tribes to relocate west of the Mississippi.
  Tip: Think move tribes off the land.

Worcester v. Georgia

Court-Ignored Ruling:

• A Supreme Court case affirming Native sovereignty that Jackson refused to enforce.
  Tip: Think court ruled, president ignored.

Trail of Tears

Forced-March Death:

• The deadly relocation of Cherokee and other tribes to western lands.
  Tip: Think tears along the trail.

Roger Taney

States’-Rights Justice:

• Supreme Court Chief Justice who supported state power over federal authority.
  Tip: Think states over federal power.

Panic of 1837

Bank-War Crash:

• A severe economic depression caused by banking instability after Jackson’s policies.
  Tip: Think banks crash after Jackson kills national bank.

Whigs

Congress-Over-President Party:

• A political party formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson, supporting economic modernization and moral reform.
  Tip: Think anti-Jackson party.

William Henery Harrison

Frontier-General-Turned-Short-Term President:

• A U.S. military leader who fought Native resistance in the Northwest Territory and later became a Whig president who died after one month in office.
  Tip: Think wins battles on the frontier, then wins the election—but not for long.

John Tyler

Party-Rebel President:

• A president who broke with the Whig party, weakening its agenda.
  Tip: Think a Whig who wasn’t a Whig.

Second Great Awakening

Faith-Leads-to-Action:

• A religious revival that emphasized salvation through reform and inspired social movements.
  Tip: Think religion motivates change.

Benevolent Empire

Church-Improves-Society:

• Religious reform organizations that worked to morally improve society.
  Tip: Think churches fixing societal problems.

Temperance Movement

Limit-Alcohol Campaign:

• A movement aimed at reducing alcohol consumption, especially among workers.
  Tip: Think temper your drinking.

Indivuialism

Self-Over-Society Belief:

• The idea that personal independence and self-reliance are more important than tradition or authority.
  Tip: Think trust yourself.

Transcendentalism

Inner-Truth Philosophy:

• A movement valuing intuition, nature, and personal insight over organized religion and materialism.
  Tip: Think truth comes from within.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Self-Reliance Leader:

• A transcendentalist promoting individualism and spiritual independence.
  Tip: Think Emerson = trust yourself.

Henry David Thoreau

Moral-Protest Writer:

• A transcendentalist who advocated civil disobedience and simple living.
  Tip: Think nature + protest.

Walt Whitman

Democratic Voice Poet:

• A poet celebrating individualism, diversity, and the common people.
  Tip: Think poet of the people.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Sin-and-Guilt Author:

• A writer exploring human sin, guilt, and moral limits of reform.
  Tip: Think dark human nature.

Brook farm

Equality-Experiment:

• A utopian community emphasizing education and cooperative living that failed economically.
  Tip: Think intellectual commune.

Shakers

Celibate-Equality Group:

• A religious sect practicing celibacy and equality, declining due to lack of growth.
  Tip: Think no marriage, no kids.

Fourierism

Planned-Cooperation Idea:

• A utopian movement trying to replace competition with communal living.
  Tip: Think cooperation over competition.

Mormons

Faith-Moves-West Group:

• A religious group seeking safety and independence in the West.
  Tip: Think faith moves west.

Joseph Smith

Mormon Founder:

• The founder of the Mormon religion who was killed amid persecution.
  Tip: Think prophetic leader.

Brigham Young

Utah Settlement Leader:

• Led Mormons west to establish a settlement in Utah.
  Tip: Think leads Mormons to Utah.

David Walker

Radical-Abolitionist:

• An abolitionist whose writings called for resistance to slavery.
  Tip: Think most radical anti-slavery voice.

Nat Turner

Slave-Rebel Leader:

• Leader of a violent slave uprising in Virginia.
  Tip: Think religious rebellion.

William Lloyd Garrison

Immediate-Emancipation Voice:

• A radical abolitionist who rejected political compromise and demanded emancipation.
  Tip: Think no compromise on slavery.

Dorothea Dix

Mental-Health Reformer:

• Worked to improve treatment for the mentally ill through state-supported institutions.
  Tip: Think mental health reform.

Angelina & Sarah Grimké

Women-Abolition Leaders:

• Sisters who publicly opposed slavery and encouraged women’s participation in reform.
  Tip: Think women speak out against injustice.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Women’s-Rights Organizer:

• A leader of the women’s rights movement demanding legal and political equality.
  Tip: Think fights for women’s rights.

Lucretia Mott

Abolition-and-Women Leader:

• A Quaker reformer linking abolition to women’s rights.
  Tip: Think abolition + women’s equality.

Seneca Falls Convention

Rights-Based Feminism Begins:

• The first women’s rights convention in U.S. history.
  Tip: Think 1848 = women’s rights begin.

Tecumseh

Native-Unity Leader:

• A Shawnee leader who sought to unite Native American tribes to resist U.S. westward expansion.
  Tip: Think Tecumseh = tribal unity against settlers.

The Prophet (Tenskwatawa)

Spiritual Resistance Leader:

• Tecumseh’s brother who promoted a religious revival urging Natives to reject American culture.
  Tip: Think religion used to resist Americans.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Prophet-Town Defeat:

• A 1811 battle where Harrison defeated Native forces, weakening Tecumseh’s confederacy.
  Tip: Think Harrison beats Tecumseh’s movement.

Hartford Convention

Federalist Protest Meeting:

• A meeting where New England Federalists criticized the War of 1812 and discussed constitutional changes.
  Tip: Think Federalists complain about the war.

Macon’s Bill No. 2

Trade-Bribe Law:

• A law reopening trade with Britain and France, promising to cut off trade with whichever violated U.S. neutrality.
  Tip: Think trade reward for good behavior.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French Power Leader:

• The ruler of France whose wars in Europe affected U.S. trade and diplomacy.
  Tip: Think Europe’s wars pull in the U.S..

Battle of New Orleans

After-the-War Victory:

• A major U.S. victory led by Andrew Jackson, fought after the Treaty of Ghent was signed.
  Tip: Think big win after the war already ended.

War of 1812

Second War for Independence:

• A conflict between the United States and Britain caused by trade restrictions, impressment of sailors, and British support of Native resistance; it increased American nationalism despite ending in a draw.
  Tip: Think America proves it can stand up to Britain again.

Marshall Court

Strong-Federal-Power Court:

• The Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall that strengthened federal authority and established judicial review through key rulings.
  Tip: Think Marshall = makes the federal government stronger.

Implied powers/nessacary and proper clause

Elastic Clause = Stretchy Powers:

• Gives Congress the authority to pass laws needed to carry out its expressed powers, even if not explicitly listed in the Constitution.
  Tip: Think Congress can “stretch” its powers to get things done.

Interstate Commerce

Trade-Traffic Across States:

• Congress has the power to regulate trade and commercial activity that crosses state lines.
  Tip: Think business moving across state borders needs rules.

Nationalism

Nation Over Everything:

• A strong sense of loyalty and pride in the United States that grew after the War of 1812.
  Tip: Think America comes first.

Sectionalism

My Region, My Rules:

• Strong loyalty to one’s region rather than the nation as a whole.
  Tip: Think North vs. South vs. West.

Barbary Pirates

Pay Us or We Plunder:

• North African pirates who attacked U.S. ships and demanded tribute, leading to military action.
  Tip: Think America refuses to pay pirates.

Adams–Onís Treaty

Florida-for-Final-Borders Deal:

• An 1819 treaty where Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. and borders of Louisiana were defined.
  Tip: Think Florida officially becomes U.S..

Stephen Decatur

Pirate-Slayer of the Seas:

• A U.S. naval officer who fought the Barbary Pirates and symbolized early American naval strength.
  Tip: Think navy hero against pirates.

Treaty of 1818

49th Parallel Peace Line:

• A treaty between the U.S. and Britain setting the northern border at the 49th parallel.
  Tip: Think 49th parallel = border.

Era of Good Feelings

Politics Take a Chill:

• A period of political unity after the War of 1812 when the Federalist Party declined.
  Tip: Think less arguing, more unity.

James Monroe

Unity-and-Expansion President:

• President during the Era of Good Feelings who promoted nationalism and expansion.
  Tip: Think Monroe = unity and growth.

President James Polk

Manifest-Destiny Machine:

• A president committed to westward expansion who greatly enlarged U.S. territory.
  Tip: Think Polk pushes America west.

Cutural Nationalism

America Finds Its Voice:

• National pride expressed through art, literature, and education.
  Tip: Think American culture takes shape.

Economic Nationalism

Build It Here, Buy It Here:

• Government policies designed to strengthen the U.S. economy and reduce foreign dependence.
  Tip: Think buy and build American.

Tarrif of 1816

Protect-the-Factory Tax:

• The first U.S. tariff designed to protect American manufacturing from foreign competition.
  Tip: Think protect U.S. factories.

Protective Tarrif

Shield-American-Industry:

• A tariff placed on imports to encourage consumers to buy American-made goods.
  Tip: Think higher foreign prices help U.S. producers.

Second Bank of the US

Money-Control Headquarters:

• A federally chartered bank that regulated currency and credit.
  Tip: Think controls money supply.

Industrial Revolution

Machines Flip the Economy:

• The shift from hand production to machine-based manufacturing.
  Tip: Think machines reshape society.

Industrilzation

Factories Take Over:

• The development of industries and factories that transformed the economy.
  Tip: Think more factories, more cities.

Robert Fulton

Steam Makes It Move:

• An inventor who improved the steamboat, revolutionizing transportation and trade.
  Tip: Think steam moves goods faster.

Samuel Slater

Factory-System Starter Pack:

• Introduced British textile technology to the U.S. and built the first factories.
  Tip: Think Father of American factories.

Lowell System

Mill Girls with Rules:

• A factory system employing young women with wages, housing, and education.
  Tip: Think mill girls + rules.

Unions

Strength-in-Numbers Groups:

• Organizations formed by workers to improve wages and working conditions.
  Tip: Think workers band together.

Specialization

One Job, Done Better:

• When workers focus on one specific task to increase productivity.
  Tip: Think do one thing really well.

Fletcher v Peck

Contracts Are Sacred:

• A Supreme Court case that protected contracts from state interference.
  Tip: Think states can’t cancel contracts.

Implied Powers

Powers Between the Lines:

• Authority not explicitly written but allowed under the Constitution.
  Tip: Think not written, but allowed.

Tallmadge Admendement

Slavery-Line-in-the-Sand:

• A proposal to restrict slavery in Missouri that heightened sectional tensions.
  Tip: Think early slavery debate explodes.

Marbury v Madison (1803)

Courts Call the Shots:

• A Supreme Court case that established judicial review.
  Tip: Think the Court decides what’s constitutional.

McCulloch v Maryland (1819)

Bank Beats the States:

• A Supreme Court case that upheld implied powers and ruled that states cannot tax the federal government.
  Tip: Think federal power > state power.

Dartmouth College v Woodward (1819)

Contracts Can’t Be Crushed:

• A Supreme Court case that protected private contracts from state interference.
  Tip: Think states can’t mess with contracts.

Gibbons v Odgen (1824)

Interstate Trade = Federal Turf:

• A Supreme Court case ruling that the federal government controls interstate commerce.
  Tip: Think trade across states = federal power.