hlsc 1 & 2

What is the primary difference between alternative and complementary health approaches?

Alternative health is a non-mainstream approach used instead of conventional medicine, while complementary health is used alongside conventional medicine.

What is a significant risk associated with using alternative medicine instead of conventional cancer therapy?

A higher risk of death in cancer patients.

What are the three primary therapeutic input categories for complementary health?

Nutritional, psychological, and physical.

What are the two main safety concerns regarding complementary health products?

Drug interactions and product contamination.

What are some examples of nutritional complementary health approaches?

Special diets, supplements, herbs, and probiotics.

What is the primary goal of meditation?

To reduce symptoms such as anxiety, depression, high blood pressure, insomnia, and irritable bowel syndrome.

How does biofeedback work?

It uses machines to measure involuntary bodily processes and converts them into audio, visual, or tactile signals.

What is the primary benefit of hypnosis in a clinical setting?

It induces a deep state of relaxation to help manage anxiety, pain, mood disorders, or smoking cessation.

What are the physical benefits of practicing yoga?

Improved balance, weight management, reduced neck/back pain, and alleviation of chronic condition symptoms.

What is the origin and primary benefit of Tai chi?

It is a Chinese martial art that improves balance in older adults and reduces pain from conditions like osteoarthritis.

What are biofield therapies?

Practices that involve the manipulation of invisible energy fields to address blockages in the body.

What is the difference between Therapeutic Touch and Reiki?

Therapeutic Touch uses gentle touch to restore energy, while Reiki practitioners use their hands to free blocked energy and improve natural healing.

What is reflexology?

A therapy that involves pressing pressure points in the hands and feet to target other parts of the body.

What is the focus of chiropractic therapy?

Manipulating muscles, tissues, and bones to heal musculoskeletal conditions.

What are the core principles of Ayurvedic medicine?

It is a holistic system based on the belief that the body is composed of five elements (air, fire, water, earth, and ether).

What is the central concept of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)?

The belief in two opposite forces, yin and yang, which must be in balance for good health.

What are the two main theories behind homeopathic medicine?

Like cures like, and lower doses are better.

What characterizes naturopathic medicine?

A focus on natural, noninvasive ingredients and techniques, though practitioners may sometimes prescribe pharmaceuticals.

What trend was observed in Canadian spending on CAM between 2005 and 2016?

Spending increased by $800 million, reaching a total of $8.8 billion.

How does CAM usage vary geographically in Canada?

Usage is generally higher in Western Canada than in Eastern Canada.

What are FFNHP in the context of Canadian exports?

Functional Foods and Natural Health Products.

What is the main purpose of the Feldenkrais method and Alexander technique?

They are psychological and physical approaches used for relaxation and body awareness.

What are botanical therapies?

The use of plants or plant compounds, such as cannabis, curcumin, or valerian root, for health purposes.

What is the primary benefit of massage therapy?

It is a body-based therapy used to promote relaxation and treat soft tissue issues.

What is the significance of the global reputation of Canadian health products?

Canada is recognized as a supplier of high-quality functional foods and natural health products.

How much did Canadians spend on CAM providers and products in 2015-2016?

$8.8 billion total ($6.5 billion on providers; $2.3 billion on products/classes).

What percentage of Canadians used at least one CAM therapy in 2015-2016?

Approximately 56%.

What are the four most commonly used CAM therapies in Canada?

Massage, relaxation techniques, chiropractic care, and yoga.

Which Canadian provinces had the highest usage of CAM therapies in 2016?

British Columbia and Alberta (65%).

What is the forecasted annual growth rate for total health expenditure in Canada?

3%.

How does rising health expenditure impact the use of CAM?

It is expected to lead more Canadians to choose preventative care and CAM therapies.

What percentage of Canadians are interested in trying new foods that claim to boost health?

45%.

What do Canadians prioritize when purchasing health products?

Products linked to specific health outcomes, alignment with personal values, and transparent labeling.

What defines 'Integrative Health'?

The coordination of conventional and complementary approaches using multimodal interventions.

What is the core focus of 'Whole Person Health'?

Improving health across interconnected biological, behavioral, social, and environmental domains rather than just treating disease.

What are the key characteristics of Integrative Medicine?

Whole-person focus, evidence-based approach, addressing underlying causes, and strong provider-patient relationships.

List four types of practitioners involved in Integrative Health.

Physicians, chiropractors, acupuncturists, and nutritionists.

What are the primary benefits of Integrative Health?

Supports natural healing, reduces stress, promotes relaxation, and supports optimal health.

What are common disadvantages of Integrative Health practices?

They are not substitutes for medical care, are often poorly regulated, lack sufficient evidence, and carry risks of financial harm.

Name three categories of TCAM therapies defined by Health Canada.

Natural health products, traditional Chinese medicine, and naturopathic medicine.

What is a critical takeaway regarding the term 'natural' in health products?

Natural does not mean safe.

How does personal belief affect the efficacy of a therapy?

If a person believes it will work, there is a better chance that it will.

What is the main goal of 'culinary medicine'?

Using food and nutrition as a therapeutic intervention.

What is the primary difference between CAM and Integrative Medicine?

Integrative medicine specifically coordinates conventional and complementary approaches.

What is the role of 'transparency' in the Canadian health product market?

Consumers value clear labels that explicitly communicate a product's benefits.

What is the expected impact of increased disposable income on the CAM industry?

It allows Canadians to spend more on their well-being, boosting revenues for related industries.

What is the significance of the 'whole person approach'?

It addresses the complete mind, body, and spirit rather than focusing solely on symptoms.

Why is consumerism listed as a disadvantage of Integrative Health?

It highlights the potential for profit-driven motives over patient-centered care.

What does 'multimodal intervention' mean in an integrative context?

The use of two or more different therapeutic approaches.

What is the most important step for a patient considering CAM?

Making an informed choice.

What is the primary focus of the personalistic theory of health in anthropology?

The belief that illness results from negative consequences of a moral or spiritual nature, often requiring ritual and symbolism for recovery.

How does the naturalistic theory of health define health?

As a state of harmony and balance between a person and their environment.

What are two examples of naturalistic health systems mentioned in the text?

The humoral system and Ayurveda.

What is the core definition of health in the biomedical model?

The absence of disease.

What metaphor is often used to describe the body in the biomedical model?

The body as a machine.

What is a major limitation of the biomedical model regarding chronic health issues?

It struggles to address chronic health issues and unexplained illnesses.

What is a key advantage of the biomedical model?

It is highly effective at controlling medical crises, infectious diseases, and utilizing modern drugs and surgery.

What does the biopsychosocial model emphasize?

The interaction between biological, psychological, and social components of health and illness.

What is a criticism of the biopsychosocial model regarding its practical application?

It is often considered too vague, generic, and lacking in methodological guidance.

What is a potential benefit of the biopsychosocial model in clinical practice?

It can improve the relationship between doctors and patients and lead to better clinical outcomes.

What does 'nomothetic' mean in the context of the biopsychosocial model?

It refers to an approach that generalizes rather than taking individual differences into account.

Name the four social theories for global health mentioned in the text.

Purposive or Social Action, Social Construction of Reality, Social Suffering, and Biopower.

Which theorist is associated with the concept of 'Biopower'?

Foucault.

What is the foundation of the Social Ecological Model of Health?

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory.

What levels of interaction does the Social Ecological Model consider?

The interaction between individuals/groups and their physical, social, and political environments.

What is a primary advantage of the Social Ecological Model?

It focuses on multiple factors affecting health and provides a cost-effective framework for health promotion.

What is a limitation of the Social Ecological Model regarding behavior change?

Changing behavior is difficult, and it can be hard to identify which specific factors to target for change.

What is the central philosophy of the social humanistic approach to health?

A 'human first' perspective that values human culture, experience, dignity, and moral decision-making.

What is the ultimate goal of health promotion in the social humanistic model?

To promote autonomy and social justice.

What is a limitation of the social humanistic model regarding research?

It is relatively new and not as well-researched as other models.

How does the social humanistic model view the 'meaning' of health?

It views health as subjective, relying on the individual's own cognitive judgment and experience.

What is the main difference between 'disease' and 'illness' according to the text?

To have a disease and to feel ill are not necessarily comparable entities theoretically.

What does the 'Social Construction of Reality' theory suggest about health?

That understandings of health and illness are shaped by social interactions and shared meanings.

Why is the social humanistic model considered holistic?

Because it considers the whole human experience rather than relying solely on scientific determinism.

How is disease defined in the biomedical model?

As a measurable deficiency or dysfunction divergent from normal functioning, suitable for biomedical treatment.

How does the social humanistic perspective define illness?

As an experience of being ill, connected on a personal level rather than a statistical one.

What is the primary goal of health in a social humanistic context?

Health is viewed as goal-directed action within a social context.

What are the dangers of vested interests in modern biomedical research?

They may lead to biased literature reviews, biased data, and research focused only on areas of value to the interest group.

What are the three clinical steps for implementing a social humanistic perspective in healthcare?

Supporting improved health, setting and fulfilling action-oriented goals, and creating a rehabilitation plan.

What do social theories of health inequality focus on?

Social hierarchies, structures, and power imbalances rather than just individual behavior or lifestyle.

What is the Fundamental Cause Theory?

A theory explaining the social gradient of health.

What is the purpose of Structural Violence theory in public health?

To explain how social structures influence harm and ill-health.

Why are behavior change theories important for public health?

They help understand behaviors and contexts to inform policy and reduce avoidable morbidity and mortality.

According to Davis et al. (2014), why is theoretical understanding necessary for interventions?

To maximize the potential efficacy of interventions, as they often have modest effects.

What factors do behavior change theories highlight as influences on behavior?

Health beliefs, past behavior, intention, social influences, perceived control, and context.

What are the three significant factors that increase the intention to perform a behavior?

Attitudes (beliefs about the behavior), social norms (beliefs about what others think), and behavioral control (belief in one's own ability).

What is the core premise of the Health Belief Model (HBM)?

The likelihood of behavior adoption is determined by the belief in a personal threat of illness plus the belief in the effectiveness of the recommended action.

What are the two primary motivations in the Health Belief Model?

The desire to avoid illness and the belief that a specific action will prevent or cure it.

What is a major limitation of the Health Belief Model regarding habitual behavior?

It does not account for habitual behaviors, such as smoking, that inform decision-making.

How does the Health Belief Model view environmental and economic factors?

It fails to account for how these factors may prohibit or promote recommended health actions.

What assumption does the Health Belief Model make about information access?

It assumes that everyone has access to equal amounts of information regarding an illness or disease.

In the Theory of Planned Behavior, what is considered the best predictor of behavior?

Intention, specifically within a defined time and place.

How is behavioral intent developed in the Theory of Planned Behavior?

It develops after a person evaluates a change in behavior and its expected outcomes.

What is the equation for behavioral achievement in the Theory of Planned Behavior?

Motivation (intention) plus ability (behavioral control) equals behavioral achievement.

What is the main critique of the Health Belief Model regarding non-health reasons?

It does not account for behaviors performed for reasons like social acceptability rather than health goals.

What does the 'attitude' component of the Theory of Planned Behavior entail?

The belief that the behavior leads to an expected outcome plus a subjective evaluation of the risks and benefits.

What is the primary focus of most public health behavior change theories?

They tend to emphasize individual capabilities and motivation.

How do social theories of health inequality differ from behavioral models?

They address health inequalities through structural and fundamental interventions into the social world.

What is the role of 'cues to action' in the Health Belief Model?

It assumes they are widely prevalent in encouraging people to act and that health is the main goal in decision-making.

What is a major limitation of the Theory of Planned Behavior regarding environmental or economic factors?

It does not take them into account.