PSYC-1-01: Quiz#8

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 400-401

The reading describes the kinds of psychological processes that social psychology addresses.

Which one of the following is LEAST associated with social psychology?

Social psychologists study how children and adolescents develop social skills.

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 401

Which of the following is a description or an example of the fundamental attribution error?

Kim has arranged to meet their friend at a restaurant at 7:00. The friend arrives very late. Kim attributes the friend's lateness to them being a disorganized person.

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 402-404

According to the reading, which of the following statements about attributions is FALSE?

Some studies suggest that the fundamental attribution error may be more common in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures.

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 404-405

According to the reading on the self-serving bias and the just-world hypothesis, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A self-serving bias would occur if someone makes a stable attribution for failing a test.

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 406-407

According to the reading on self-presentation, which of the following is FALSE?

Social roles are consistent across different social settings.

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 408-409

Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment is described in the reading.

In the study, several men were randomly assigned to play the role of a prison guard or a prisoner in a mock prison created in the basement of the Psychology department at Stanford over several days.

The research found:

All of the above

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 409-412

Which of the following statements about attitudes and persuasion is TRUE?

An example of cognitive dissonance would be when a student knows they need to spend time studying but doesn't want to take the time to study.

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 412-413

The reading reviews research on persuasion by Carol Hovland and other social psychologists.

Based on this work, which one of the following would be the LEAST likely to succeed if a speaker or advertiser were trying to change a person's attitude?

If two opposing sides are giving their views back-to-back, it is usually best to go last.

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 414-415

The reading reviews some ways to approach persuasion. Which of the below is TRUE?

The foot-in-the-door technique is used when you try to get someone to do you a small favor, and then you later ask them for a larger favor.

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 416-417

In Solomon Asch's well-known study, Asch would have a participant arrive at a research lab and find other students sitting around a table. The participant was led to believe they were student participants -- but really they were confederates working for Asch. When Asch asked each student to match the same two lines shown, the confederates each said the same wrong answer. The real participant was seated last. The research examined whether the real participant would say the same as the confederates or give the correct answer. Asch found that 76% of the participants went along with the confederates at least once. Additional research has identified factors that affect the likelihood of conformity.

According to this work, which of the following was a context when conformity was LESS LIKELY?

If there was at least one other person who selected the correct answer.

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 417-418

The reading distinguishes between normative influence and informational social influence.

Which one of the following is the best example of informational social influence?

You are eating in the dining hall, and a fire alarm goes off. You wonder whether there is anything serious happening. You look around and see no one else seems alarmed. You decide it is not an emergency situation.

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 418-419

In Milgram's obedience study, each participant thought they were giving electric shocks to someone in another room each time they gave an incorrect answer to a word problem they read to them. The participant is told they must increase the level of the shock with each wrong answer. The person in the other room began to cry out and say they wanted to stop. However, the participant is told they must continue. Eventually, the person in the other room stops answering, yet the participant is told to treat a non-response as an incorrect response.

The two highest levels on the machine read "Severe Shock: 375-435 volts" and then "XXX: 435-450 volts."

What percent of the participants in Milgram's study went all the way to "XXX: 435-450 volts"?

65%

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 418-419

The reading describes some of Milgram's follow-up studies as well as work that other psychologists did after him.

Which of the following is FALSE?

In a recent study conducted in Poland, the findings contradicted Milgram's original study.

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 419-420

According to the reading, which of the following statements about research on groupthink is FALSE?

Groupthink is more likely when disagreements among group members are openly shared with the leader in charge of making decisions.

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 420-422

Once a group indicates consensus in favor or against a viewpoint, it is harder for the group to change.

*The reading reviews several ways that groups can influence people's behavior. Match the description on the left with the correct concept on the right.

Group polarization

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 420-422

Situations when groups get stuck and behave in ways that have negative, long-term consequences for them.

*The reading reviews several ways that groups can influence people's behavior. Match the description on the left with the correct concept on the right.

Social traps

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 420-422

An individual reduces their effort on tasks when the work is evaluated for the overall group.

*The reading reviews several ways that groups can influence people's behavior. Match the description on the left with the correct concept on the right.

Social loafing

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 420-422

Situations when a person in a group feels anonymous and may behave in ways they would not when alone.

*The reading reviews several ways that groups can influence people's behavior. Match the description on the left with the correct concept on the right.

Deindividuation

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 422-424

A specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics

*Based on the chapter section on Prejudice and Discrimination, match the descriptions below with their definitions or examples.

Stereotype (definition)

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 422-424

Belief that older adults are slow and incompetent

*Based on the chapter section on Prejudice and Discrimination, match the descriptions below with their definitions or examples.

Stereotype (example)

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 422-424

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on their membership in a particular social group

*Based on the chapter section on Prejudice and Discrimination, match the descriptions below with their definitions or examples.

Prejudice (definition)

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 422-424

Fear that all immigrants are criminals

*Based on the chapter section on Prejudice and Discrimination, match the descriptions below with their definitions or examples.

Prejudice (example)

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 422-424

A negative action toward an individual as a result of their membership in a particular group

*Based on the chapter section on Prejudice and Discrimination, match the descriptions below with their definitions or examples.

Discrimination (definition)

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 422-424

An employer rejects someone's job application solely because she is a woman

*Based on the chapter section on Prejudice and Discrimination, match the descriptions below with their definitions or examples.

Discrimination (example)

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 424-426

The reading describes the dual attitudes model of prejudice. Which of the following statements about this model is INCORRECT?

The dual attitudes model refers to the likelihood that if people are prejudiced toward one group of people then they are more likely to be prejudiced toward a second group of people.

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 424-426

Prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex or gender.

*Match particular types of prejudice and discrimination with their definitions.

Sexism

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 424-426

Prejudice and discrimination against an individual based solely on one’s membership in a specific racial group.

*Match particular types of prejudice and discrimination with their definitions.

Racism

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 424-426

Prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age.

*Match particular types of prejudice and discrimination with their definitions.

Ageism

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 424-426

Prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their sexual orientation.

*Match particular types of prejudice and discrimination with their definitions.

Homophobia

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 424-426

Prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their nonconforming gender identity, such as transgender and nonbinary persons.

*Match particular types of prejudice and discrimination with their definitions.

Transphobia

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 427-428

In a study by Rosenthal and Jacobson, a researcher told the teacher that their assessment indicated that particular students in their classroom scored high on a measure of their academic potential. The teacher did not know that these students were randomly selected by the research. Later, it was found the teachers' expectations led those students to attain higher grades.

As explained in the reading (and lecture), this finding illustrates:

the self-fulfilling prophecy

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 429

A teacher who wants to reduce racial prejudice uses a method that involves having students from different races work collaboratively on a project. Each member of the group has a special assignment that they share with the other members to complete the project. This strategy has been shown effective in reducing prejudice.

The above strategy is known as:

jigsaw classroom

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 429-430

Feelings of anger with intent to cause pain

*Match the description on the left with the correct type of aggression on the right.

Hostile aggression

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 429-430

Repeated negative treatment of another person over time

*Match the description on the left with the correct type of aggression on the right.

Bullying

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 429-430

Physically harming another person

*Match the description on the left with the correct type of aggression on the right.

Direct physical aggression

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 429-430

Spreading negative rumors, ignoring, or socially isolating others

*Match the description on the left with the correct type of aggression on the right.

Indirect social aggression

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 430

The reading identifies three types of children who are at greater risk of being bullied. They include each of the following, EXCEPT:

Children from wealthy families

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 431

According to the reading on cyberbullying, which of the following is INCORRECT?

Cyberbullying is usually very public so everyone can see what is being sent to the person being bullied.

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 431-433

A person does not volunteer to help someone in distress

*Various concepts related to prosocial behavior were reviewed in the reading.

Bystander effect

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 431-433

The tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group

*Various concepts related to prosocial behavior were reviewed in the reading.

Diffusion of responsibility

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 431-433

People’s desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping

*Various concepts related to prosocial behavior were reviewed in the reading.

Altruism

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 431-433

The capacity to understand another person’s perspective, to feel what they feel

*Various concepts related to prosocial behavior were reviewed in the reading.

Empathy

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 433-434

Most likely to form bonds with people in places where you have regular contact.

*The reading explained some of the factors involved in forming friendships and romantic relationships.

Proximity

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 433-434

Most likely to form bonds with people who are similar to us in background, attitudes, and lifestyle.

*The reading explained some of the factors involved in forming friendships and romantic relationships.

Similarity

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 433-434

Mostly like to form social networks with others who are similar.

*The reading explained some of the factors involved in forming friendships and romantic relationships.

Homophily

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 433-434

Expectation for the give and take in a relationship.

*The reading explained some of the factors involved in forming friendships and romantic relationships.

Reciprocity

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 435-434

Consummate love

*Sternberg's triangular theory of love is described in the reading. His theory proposes different types of love based on the combinations of intimacy, passion, and commitment. Match the type of love with the correct combination.

intimacy + passion + commitment

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 435-434

Romantic love

*Sternberg's triangular theory of love is described in the reading. His theory proposes different types of love based on the combinations of intimacy, passion, and commitment. Match the type of love with the correct combination.

passion + intimacy (but not commitment)

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 435-434

Companionate love

*Sternberg's triangular theory of love is described in the reading. His theory proposes different types of love based on the combinations of intimacy, passion, and commitment. Match the type of love with the correct combination.

intimacy + commitment (but not passion)

Reading: "Social Psychology" p. 435-434

Liking

*Sternberg's triangular theory of love is described in the reading. His theory proposes different types of love based on the combinations of intimacy, passion, and commitment. Match the type of love with the correct combination.

intimacy (but not passion or commitment)

Lecture: Social Psychology

In Asch's studies on conformity, each research participant thought they were participating in a study on perception with a group. But the other group members ("confederates") were working for the experimenter.

How many confederates created the highest rates of conformity?

7

Lecture: Social Psychology

In lecture, three levels of conformity were summarized. Which one of the following is NOT one of the three levels?

(Note: The definition for each of the following is correct. You need to indicate which one is not considered a level of conformity.)

Obedience: Change in behavior to comply with an authority figure's direct order.

Lecture: Social Psychology

T/F: The overall implication of Milgram's and Zimbardo's studies is that many normal people are susceptible to inflicting harm on others when expected to obey orders.

True

Lecture: Social Psychology

Learning about the bystander effect can increase people's likelihood of helping others in need.

This is known as:

The enlightenment effect

Lecture: Social Psychology

"I am a smart student"

*In lecture, it was explained that dispositional attributions may emphasize ability or effort, while situational attributions may emphasize luck or difficulty. Suppose a student is evaluating how they did on a quiz. Match the descriptions on the left with the correct attribution type on the right.

ability

Lecture: Social Psychology

"I studied for the quiz"

*In lecture, it was explained that dispositional attributions may emphasize ability or effort, while situational attributions may emphasize luck or difficulty. Suppose a student is evaluating how they did on a quiz. Match the descriptions on the left with the correct attribution type on the right.

effort

Lecture: Social Psychology

"I made good guesses"

*In lecture, it was explained that dispositional attributions may emphasize ability or effort, while situational attributions may emphasize luck or difficulty. Suppose a student is evaluating how they did on a quiz. Match the descriptions on the left with the correct attribution type on the right.

luck

Lecture: Social Psychology

"The quiz was easy"

*In lecture, it was explained that dispositional attributions may emphasize ability or effort, while situational attributions may emphasize luck or difficulty. Suppose a student is evaluating how they did on a quiz. Match the descriptions on the left with the correct attribution type on the right.

difficulty

Lecture: Social Psychology

Which of the following statements about growth versus fixed mindsets is TRUE?

None of the above is true

Lecture: Social Psychology

T/F: A social identity refers to one's personal beliefs, values, interests, and perceived abilities.

False

Lecture: Social Psychology

People have multiple identities that create unique experiences of privilege and discrimination. As noted in lecture, this is known as:

intersectionality

Lecture: Social Psychology

Desire to view one's ingroup as positive and distinct from other groups.

*As explained in lecture, social identity theory seeks to explain the psychological processes that commonly occur when people belong to groups.

Positive distinctiveness

Lecture: Social Psychology

Preferential treatment to ingroup members.

*As explained in lecture, social identity theory seeks to explain the psychological processes that commonly occur when people belong to groups.

Ingroup favoritism

Lecture: Social Psychology

When focused on group identity, more likely to conform to group’s norms than personal identity.

*As explained in lecture, social identity theory seeks to explain the psychological processes that commonly occur when people belong to groups.

Depersonalization

Lecture: Social Psychology

Tendency to exaggerate differences between groups and to emphasize similarities within one’s own group.

*As explained in lecture, social identity theory seeks to explain the psychological processes that commonly occur when people belong to groups.

Accentuation

Lecture: Social Psychology

Conformity to or internalization of group's norms

*As explained in lecture, social identity theory seeks to explain the psychological processes that commonly occur when people belong to groups.

Ingroup assimilation

Lecture: Social Psychology

A study conducted by Martin and Fabes was described in class. The psychologists repeatedly observed children in a preschool from fall to spring. What did they find?

The more time that girls or boys spent with same-gender peers over the year, then the more they engaged in gender-stereotypical play.

Lecture: Social Psychology

Gutierrez and Leaper's study on Mexican-heritage women's ethnic group identity, engagement in Mexican cultural practices, and gender attitudes was described. What did the study find?

One group of women who held nontraditional gender attitudes also scored high in engagement in cultural practices.

Lecture: Social Psychology

Wilson and Leaper's study was described on Black and Latinx undergraduates' ethnic-racial identity, outgroup discrimination, and ingroup marginalization, engagement in Mexican cultural practices, and gender attitudes.

Which of the following statements about the study is FALSE?

Experiences with outgroup discrimination had a more negative impact on self-esteem than did ingroup marginalization.

Lecture: Social Psychology

As explained in the lecture, Bigler and Liben proposed that the combined salience and functional use of social identities increase stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination.

To test the theory, Bigler compared two classrooms. In both classrooms, half of the students were yellow T-shirts and half wore blue T-shirts each day for 4 weeks. In one classroom, the T-shirt had functional use, and the other classroom it did not.

Based on lecture, which of the following statements is TRUE?

After 4 weeks, the students in the functional use classroom showed ingroup favoritism toward students with same-colored T-shirts.