Chemical Bonding Flashcards

Flashcards covering types of chemical bonds, electronegativity, Lewis structures, and functional groups.

Metallic Bonding

Delocalized bonding where each metal atom shares electrons with all other atoms.

Electrostatic Attractions

Attraction between oppositely charged particles.

Electrostatic potential energy

E(el) = 2.31 × 10^-1 J nm (Q1 * Q2/ d)

Ionic Bond

Bond resulting from the electrostatic attraction of a cation to an anion.

Crystal Lattice

Infinite array of regular repeating “charged spheres”. Each Na+ is surrounded by 6 CI-

An ordered three-dimensional array of particles

Lattice Energy

Energy released when one mole of an ionic compound forms from its free ions in the gas phase.

Ionic solids consist consist of a crystal lattice

Covalent Bond

Bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons equally.

Bond Length

Distance between the nuclei of two atoms joined together in a bond.

Bond Energy

Energy required to break one mole of covalent bonds.

Polar Covalent Bond

Unequal sharing of electron pairs in a covalent bond.

Acts as a a tiny dipole, with a slightly positive pole & slightly negative pole

Electronegativity

Relative measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself within a bond.

Depends on the difference in the electronegativity values of 2 elements

0.4 < delta < 2.0 assume mostly covalent

delta > equal to 2.0 assume mostly ionic

Polyatomic Ion

Ion consisting of two or more atoms joined together by covalent bonds.

Oxoanion

Polyatomic ion containing at least one nonoxygen central atom bonded to one or more oxygen atoms

Lewis Theory

Atoms form chemical bonds by sharing electrons to acquire the electron configuration of a noble gas.

proposed by Gilbert Lewis

Octet Rule

Atoms tend to lose, gain, or share electrons to obtain a set of eight valence electrons.

Lewis Symbol

Used to show an atom’s bonding capacity using dots representing valence electrons.

Lewis Structure

Two-dimensional representation of a compound showing how its atoms are connected.

Lone Pairs

Unshared electron pairs that are not involved in bonds.

Alkanes

Contain only carbon and hydrogen and have no multiple bonds.

Alkene

Molecule containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

Alkyne

Molecule containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.

Carboxylic acids

Functional group characterized by -COOH

Aldehydes

Functional group characterized by -CHO

Ketones

Functional group characterized by C=O

Hydroxyl

Functional group characterized by -OH

Sulfhydryl group

Functional group characterized by -SH

Amino group

Functional group characterized by -NH2

Methyl group

Functional group characterized by -CH3

Phosphate

Functional group characterized by PO4

Homolytic Bond Dissociation Energies

Energy required to break one mole of bonds in the gas phase.