speech & hearing science clicker + quiz questions - exam #3/final

What is categorical perception?

incremental changes in consonant acoustics are perceived in groups

What theory is based on the phenomenon of categorical perception?

Motor theory of speech perception

What is part of the motor theory of speech?

• Humans have an innate species-specific speech module.

• You can only perceive sounds you can produce.

• Acoustics are translated to motor gestures in our brain.

What theories state there is enough information in speech acoustics to perceive the sound?

Auditory theories

What type of processes are used for speech perception according to the auditory theories?

Both bottom-up and top-down processes

How to babies learn to perceive speech according to auditory theories?

They use statistical learning

They use statistical learning.

The articulatory gestures

What theory was supported by duplex perception of speech?

Motor theories of speech

What type of processes are used for speech perception according to the auditory theories?

Both bottom-up and top-down processes

What bone is the auditory system housed in?

temporal bone

What part of the outer ear is also called pinna?

auricle

What structure is the boundary between the outer and middle ear?

tympanic membrane

Which of these ossicles lies the most lateral?

malleus

When does the Eustachian tube open to equalize pressure?

• swallowing 

• yawning 

• chewing 

What is NOT a mechanism that increases pressure when sound travels through the middle ear?

The tympanic membrane is smaller than the oval window

Which of these organs measures angular acceleration?

semi-circular canals

What type of hair cells do we have the most of in our cochlea?

outer hair cells

What part of the cochlea aids in perceiving low frequency waves?

apex

Why is it important that sound from both cochlea goes to both sides of the brain?

• protective 

• sound localization 

• isolating sounds

What is problematic for simple intelligibility tests?

The same scores may have different phonetic problems.

For what sounds is the acoustic reflex the most useful?

Sustained loud sounds

If you can pick any number that corresponds with the intelligibility, what type of scale are you using?

Direct magnitude estimationWhat is being perceived in direct realism?

What is being perceived in direct realism?

The movement of the articulator

High frequencies are perceived where?

e of the basilar membrane, by the oval window.

Motor theorists state that humans are born with a speech perception mechanism. What finding is in SUPPORT of that statement?

Infants as young as one month perceive sounds categorically.

What did the ba-da-ga experiment show?

Humans perceive place of articulation in a categorical manner.

What characteristic determines the resonant frequency of the external auditory meatus?

The length of the ear canal.

What is the middle ear filled with?

air

What is the easiest to understand in terms of intelligibility?

Typical speaker's words in a sentence

What is important for word recognition?

Bottom-up and top-down processes

In what bone is the auditory system housed?

temporal bone

What category of sounds is largely ignored in the motor theory of speech perceptions?

Vowels

What is the main principle behind the pressure increase from the tympanic membrane to the oval window?

The size difference between the tympanic membrane and oval window.

What is an example of a top-down process aiding in the perception of speech in auditory theories?

syntax

I am turning around my own axis. What organ picks up this movement?

semicircular canal

What is the function of the pinna?

to collect sound

What hair cells are responsible for sending sound to the CNS?

inner hair cells

What ossicle connects to the oval window?

Stapes

what is CNS?

central nervous system

The area responsible for speech understanding is… 

wernicke’s area

What do you call a bundle of axons in the CNS?

tract

Where can you find grey matter in the brain?

• putamen

• cortex

  • thalamus

What side of the brain is language represented in?

left

What fissure has Broca and Wernicke’s area along its trajectory?

sylvian fissure

What brain area is involved in speech and language?

• angular gyrus

• wernicke’s area

• Supramarginal gyrus

What part of the brain takes care of executive functioning?

Prefrontal cortex