Lec Exam 4

medial epicondyle of humerus

forearm flexors origin

lateral epicondyle of humerus

forearm extensor origin

flexor carpi radialis

flexor carpi ulnaris

flexor digitorum superficialis

flexor digitorum profundus

extensor digitorum communis

extensor carpi radialis longus

extensor carpi ulnaris

iliopsoas

major flexor of hip joint

gluteus maximus

O: gluteal surface of ilium

I: gluteal tuberosity

F: extension, external rotation, abduction and adduction of the thigh

ulna

pinky side

radius

thumb side

rectus femoris

O: the anterior inferior iliac spine and the other from the ridge of the acetabulum

I: quad tendon at patella

F: only muscle of the quadriceps to cross both the hip and knee joints; flexes the thigh at the hip joint, and extends at the knee joint

sartorius

O: ASIS

I: tibia

F: flexes hip and knee while laterally rotating leg

vastus lateralis

O: femur

I: QT (quad tendon)

F: stabilize knee joint

vastus medialis

O: top of femur

I: QT

F: stabilize knee joint

vastus intermedius

under rectus femoris

F: stabilize knee joint

adductor longus

I: Middle third of linea aspera of femur

F: adduct the thigh at the hip joint

adductor magnus

I: Linea aspera and adductor tubercle of femur

F: dynamic stabilizer of the pelvis and femur as well as a prime mover of the femur into adduction

gracilis

I: inserts on the medial tibia

F: hip adduction, knee flexion, and knee internal rotation

gluteus medius

antagonists to adductor group

tensor fascia latae

O: anterior superior iliac spine

I: lateral condyle of tibia

F: thigh internal rotation, weak abduction, external rotation, weak flection and extension, stabilizes hip & knee joints

gluteus medius

O: gluteal surface of ilium

I: greater trochanter

F: abductor

gluteus minimus

O: gluteal surface of ilium

I: greater trochanter

F: abductor

biceps femoris

O: ischial tuberosity

I: tibia and fibula

F: movement at both the hip joint and knee joint

semimembranosus

O: ischial tuberosity

I: tibia

F: flexion and internal rotation of the knee joint

semitendinosus

O: ischial tuberosity

I: tibia

F: extend at the hip and flex at the knee

gastrocnemius

O: femoral condyles

I: achilles tendon

F: plantar flexor

soleus

O: head of fibula

I: posterior surface of calcaneu

F: plantar flexors

tibialis anterior

F: dorsiflexes the foot at the talocrural joint and inverts it at the subtalar joint

extensor digitorum

F: extend the foot at the ankle, along with the four smallest toes

fibularis longus

I: medial cuneiform bone

F: produce the plantarflexion and eversion of the foot on the ankle joint

fibularis brevis

I: tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal bone

F: plantar flexion and eversion

wernickes area

region of the brain that contains motor neurons involved in the comprehension of speech

brocas area

contains neurons involved in speech function

primary motor cortex

the area that provides the most important signal for the production of skilled movements

primary sensory cortex

processing afferent somatosensory input and contributes to the integration of sensory and motor signals necessary for skilled movement

optic nerve

gray matter

brain - superficial tissue

spinal cord - deep tissue

white matter

brain - deep tissue

spinal cord - superficial tissue

CN I (olfactory)

Modality: Sensory

Function: S-smell

Exit from Skull: olfactory fossa from cribiform plate

CN II (Optic)

Modality: Sensory

Function: S-vision and visual field

Exit from Skull: optic foramen

CN III (Oculomotor)

Modality: motor

Function: M- eye muscles and pupil

Exit from Skull: superior orbital fissure

CN IV (trochlear)

Modality: motor

Function: eye muscle (superior oblique)

Exit from Skull: superior orbital fissure

CN V (trigeminal)

3 branches

V1 (ophthalmic)

Modality: sensory

Function: S- forehead, around eyes, cornea

Exit from Skull: superior orbital fissure

V2 (Maxillary)

Modality: sensory

Function: S- teeth, skin over maxilla

Exit from Skull: foramen rotundum

V3 (mandibular)

Modality: sensory and motor

Function: S-teeth of lower jaw and tongue
M- mastication

Exit from Skull: foramen ovale

CN VI (Abducens)

Modality: motor

Function: M-eye muscle (lateral rectus)

Exit from Skull: superior orbital fissure

CN VII (Facial)

Modality: sensory and motor

Function: S-taste in anterior part of tongue, external ear
M- facial expression

Exit from Skull: internal auditory meatus and stylomastoid foramen

CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear)

Modality: sensory

Function: S-hearing and balance

Exit from Skull: internal auditory meatus

CN IX (Glossopharangeal)

Modality: sensory and motor

Function: S- taste in posterior part of tongue, pharynx
M- pharyngeal muscles

Exit from Skull: jugular foramen

CN X (vagus)

Modality: sensory and motor

\
Function: S-thoracic and abdominal viscera

M- parasympathetic to abdominal organs

\
Exit from Skull: jugular foramen

(only cranial nerve to exit the head and neck region)

CN XI (Spinal Accessory)

Modality: motor

Function: M- SCM and trapezius

Exit from Skull: jugular foramen

CN XII (Hypoglossal)

Modality: motor

Function: M- tongue and throat muscles

Exit from Skull: hypoglossal canal

CN III Oculomotor

Innervates 4 of 6 eye muscles

Superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique muscle

Controls pupil dilation (sympathetic) and constriction (parasympathetic)

CN IV Trochlear

innervates superior oblique muscle

CN VI Abducens

innervates lateral rectus (abducts eye)

falx cerebri

a large, crescent-shaped fold of dura mater that descends vertically into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain

tentorium cerebelli

an invagination of the meningeal layer of the dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum and brainstem

lateral ventricle

Two of them

Go from frontal to occipital lobe

Separated by septum pellucidum

At the bottom there are interventricular foramen that led to third ventricle

third ventricle

found at level of thalamus and hypothalamus

cerebral aqueduct

fourth ventricle

In between cerebellum and backside of brainstem

Has opening for CSF (medial and lateral apertures) to flow around the arachnoid layer

choroid plexus

Surrounded by ependymal cells

Blood vessels inside each ventricle

Forms CSF from blood

Chemical stability

Keeps brain afloat

Impaired drainage or overproduction of CSF

parietal lobe

Major centers for sensory input other than hearing, balance, smell, vision

Touch, temperature, pain, two-point discrimination

occipital lobe

Coordinates with parietal and temporal lobes

Vision center

temporal lobe

Memory storage and recall

insula

Behind temporal lobe

4-5 gyri wide

Deepest lobe of cerebrum

Plays a role in addiction and compulsive behavior

premotor area

very small region; controls learned motor skills (especially those of patterned nature), coordinates multiple muscle groups to work at the same time

prefrontal cortex

decision making, logic, conscience (right and wrong)

primary motor cortex

precentral gyrus on both sides

Bundle of axons that go through the brain and brainstem that become white matter motor pathways in spinal cord

Areas that have fine tune control over have large surface area on cortex

Face, hands, arm

primary sensory cortex

postcentral gyrus on both sides

Areas that have fine tune sensory ability have large surface area on cortex

Hands, face, teeth

sensory association area

can perceive and differentiate emotional aspects of touch and sensations

primary occipital cortex

visual processing, through optic nerve

Visual association area right above it

primary olfactory cortex

inside temporal lobe near frontal lobe

Sense of smell is only sense that does not have mandatory stop-over in thalamus

Continuations of olfactory fibers into hypothalamus

auditory association area

top part of temporal lobe

primary gustatory cortex

inferior part of parietal lobe, sense goes through thalamus into here for processing

primary vestibular cortex

buried inside on the posterior border of the insula, parietal, and temporal lobe, conscious perception of balance

left brain

Verbal memory

Speech (motor) area

Right hand control

Feeling shapes w right hand

Superior language and mathematic comprehension (Wernicke's area)

Right visual field

right brain

Memory for shapes (limited language comprehension)

Left hand motor control

Feeling shapes w left hand

Musical ability

Recognition of faces and spatial relationships

Left visual field

association fibers

Fibers that run back and forth in the same hemisphere

Short and long

commissural fibers

Travel between hemispheres

Make up corpus callosum

projection fibers

travel down from brain to spinal cord

- Most carry motor signals

Travel up from spinal cord

- Most carry sensory signals

Many cross or decussate

- In medulla where they cross before they reach the
spinal cord

- 90% of outgoing motor signals cross (left side
controls right side motor skills)

basal nuclei

Deep gray matter

Send and receive input regarding movements between brainstem, cerebrum, and cerebellum

Helps inhibit unwanted muscle contractions of skeletal muscles

Disorders of basal nuclei can suffer from resting tremors

CNS

Central

Brain and spinal cord

Integration and control centers

PNS

peripheral

ANS

Autonomic

Somatic and autonomic

Parasympathetic and sympathetic (divides autonomic more)

neuroglial cells

Support and protect neurons

Can undergo mitosis

Cells that cause brain cancer through unregulated mitosis

ogliodendrocyte

Myelinates and insulates CNS axons

Allows faster action potential propagation along axons in the CNS

astrocyte

Most abundant

Form blood-brain barrier

Regulate interstitial fluid composition

Structural support and organization to CNS

Assists w neural development

Replicates to occupy space and dying neurons

ependymal cell

Lines ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord

Assists in production and circulation of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

microglial cells

Phagocytic cells that move through the CNS

Protects CNS by engulfing infections agents and other potential harmful substances

Schwann cell

Found in PNS

Myelinates and insulates PNS axons

Allows for faster action potential propagation along an axon in the PNS

satellite cells

Dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves

Found in PNS

Electrically insulates PNS cell bodies

Regulates nutrient and waste exchange for cell bodies in ganglia

saltatory conduction

Allows action potentials to travel very quickly

Myelin is most important factor in increasing conduction velocity

Allows action potentials to jump over myelinated cells into each node of Ranvier down the axon

myelinated axon

Axons have lipid sheath around them

Created by oligodendrocyte or Schwann cells

Nodes of Ranvier, saltatory conduction

Speed of generation is much greater 5-100m/sec

unmyelinated axon

No myelin sheaths

Conduction is slower at 0.5-2m/sec

Tend to be shorter axons than myelinated ones

axon hillock

Electrical signal is generated down axon