ESCI 100 (Nucleic Acids)

Nucleic Acid

• are the largest and most complex organic molecule

• Macromolecules that are found in all cells, which precipitate in the storage, transmission and translation of genetic information.

Function of Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic Acids (specifically DNA) carry out a vital role in the human body. Essential role in Mitosis, Meiosis

• Providing Energy/Cellular Respiration

Functions of DNA

• DNA is a permanent storage place for genetic information

• DNA controls the synthesis of RNA

• The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the protein development in new cells

• The double helix formation of DNA is to ensure that no disorders occur

Functions of RNA

• RNA is synthesized by DNA for the transportation of genetic information to the protein building apparatus in the cell

• RNA also directs the synthesis of new proteins using the genetic information it has transported

• mRNA is used to transfer genetic information through plasma membranes

Mitosis

process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division

Meiosis

process in which sex cells are created

Providing Energy

nucleic acids can be used to create energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Composition of Nucleic Acids

• Phosphate Group

• Five-Carbon Sugar

• Nitrogenous Bases

Kinds of Nucleic Acids

• DNA

• RNA

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms.

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

 functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins

Kinds of RNA

1. Transfer RNA - transport amino acids to site of protein synthesis

2. Ribosomal RNA - combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the site of CHON synthesis

3. Messenger RNA - directs amino acid sequence of proteins

Nucleoproteins

• molecule consisting of a protein linked to a nucleic acid

• are molecules formed by the combination of a protein and a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)

• essential for processes like replication, transcription, and translations, and form structures such as ribosomes, nucleosomes, and viral particles.

Chemical Properties

• Made of nucleic acids and basic proteins

• Contain phosphorus

• Interactions: ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds

• Can be broken by proteases, nucleases, or strong pH

Physical Properties

• Fibrous (chromatin) or granular (ribosomes)

• Generally water-soluble

• Stability affected by heat and chemicals

• Structure determines function

Importance

• Storage and protection of genes

• Protein Synthesis

• Role in Cell Division

• Replication

• Gene Regulation and Cellular Control

Mutation

involve large sections of DNA becoming duplicated usually through genetic recombination

Nucleotide

building blocks of all nucleic acids

Nucleoside

combination of a base and a sugar