THE CLINICAL SYNDROME
Face and neck pain can occasionally be brought on by a condition known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD).
RSD of the face is a classic situation in which the doctor needs to think about the diagnosis in order to make it. This condition is also known as chronic regional pain syndrome type I.
Even though the symptom complex of this illness is rather consistent from one patient to the next, and even though the presentation of RSD of the face and neck closely mimics its presentation in an upper or lower extremity, the diagnosis is sometimes missed.
As a consequence of this, numerous diagnostic and therapeutic procedures could be carried out on the patient in an effort to alleviate the facial discomfort that they are experiencing.
Trauma is the one factor that is consistent among all patients who are diagnosed with RSD of the face.
Trauma can manifest itself in a number of different ways, including direct damage to the soft tissues, dentition, or bones of the face; infection; cancer; arthritis; or insults to the central nervous system or cranial nerves. However, the one thing that is constant is that trauma is the cause.
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
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TESTING
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DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
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TREATMENT
Successful facial RSD therapy involves two steps.
First, identify and eliminate any tissue injuries causing sympathetic dysfunction and symptoms.
Second, stellate ganglion block with local anesthetic must impede facial sympathetic innervation. This may require long-term daily stellate ganglion block.
Tactile desensitization may also help.
Nortriptyline, a 25-mg nighttime dose of a tricyclic antidepressant, is optimal for treating depression and sleep disturbance.
Gabapentin can relieve neuritic pain if begun initially with a 300-mg bedtime dose and gradually increased to 3600 mg per day.
Pregabalin may be better tolerated than gabapentin. As side effects allow, pregabalin is started at 50 mg three times a day and increased to 100 mg. Patients with renal impairment should reduce pregabalin dosage because the kidneys eliminate it.
In larger investigations, intravenous mannitol to scavenge free radicals has failed to treat refractory reflex dystrophy.
Avoid opioids and benzodiazepines to avoid iatrogenic chemical dependence.
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COMPLICATIONS AND PITFALLS
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