urinary system

retroperitoneal

found posterior (behind) the peritoneum of the abdomen

ureters

tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

transitional epithelium

what type of epithelium makes up the inner mucosa in the bladder wall

internal urethral sphincter

made up of smooth muscle and is involuntary, it contracts and relaxes based entirely on the autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic and sympathetic NS)

external urethral sphincter

made up of skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control (conscious control of urine by controlling the urethra)

micturition

discharge of urine from the urinary bladder into the urethra

detrusor muscle

enables urination by contracting to release urine and relaxes to allow filling and storage

ureteral orifices

where ureters enter the bladder, one way valves that allow urine to enter from kidneys while preventing it from backing back up into the ureters and kidneys (happens in contraction)

prostatic urethra

urine goes through prostate gland

membranous urethra

urine passes through a thin layer of muscle (pelvic floor)

penile urethra

urine runs through the penis

excretory - creation and concentration of water-soluable waste

endocrine - secretion of and response to hormones

cardiovascular - regulation of BP

respiratory - removal of dissolved gases

overall functions of kidneys

hilum

where ureters exit and also where nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels enter/exit

renal fascia - superficial

adipose capsule - middle

renal capsule - deep

three layers of connective tissue in kidney

renal cortex

filters blood, produces urine and regulates BP

major calyx

receives urine from multiple minor calyces and drains to renal pelvis

renal pelvis

collects urine from major calyces and channels it into ureter - flows urine out of kidney and into bladder)

minor calyx

collects urine from renal papilla

glomerulus

primary filtering unit of kidney - filters waste, excess water and small solutes from the blood into bowmans capsule (NO GAS EXCHANGE)

afferent arteriole

delivers blood to glomerulus

efferent arteriole

carries blood away from glomerulus (high pressure)

peritubular capillaries

reabsorbs water, nutrients and electrolytes from filtrate back into the bloodstream - DOES participate in gas exchange

collecting duct

in the nephron and goes to renal medulla and empties into renal papilla

nephron

functional unit of kidney, allows for the control of urine composition

glomerular filtration

blood is filtered at the glomerulus

tubular respiration

fluid and solutes are reabsorbed from the filtrate and returned to blood

tubular secretion

gets rid of excess things - substances are secreted from the blood into the filtrate

glomerular capsule

simple squamous epithelium (diffusion), podocytes (narrows filtration openings) and mesangial cells (cleans up excess/clogged water)

proximal convoluted tubule

cuboidal cells with brush border (reabsorbing glucose and other material)

descending nephron loop

simple squamous (reabsorbing water)

ascending nephron loop

cuboidal-columnar (reabsorbing salt)

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

cells with intercalated discs (adjust pH and water)

blood hydrostatic pressure

PRO filtration - blood pushing against the walls of glomerulus capillaries, pushes water out of blood and into capsule

blood osmotic pressure

OPPOSES filtration - proteins in your blood pull water back into the blood

capsular hydrostatic pressure

OPPOSES filtration - pressure from fluid already in capsule pushing back on filtration

fenestrated squamous cells

fenestrations will prevent filtration of the largest matter in the blood

basal lamina

basement membrane of endothelial and podocyte cells