KNES 372 MIDTERM

what is valgus?

a condition in which a body segment is turned outwards from its proximal to its distal end

what is varus?

a condition in which a body segment is turned inwards from its proximal to its distal ends

what is the term for normal spine curvature?

lordosis

what is hyperlordosis?

an excessive curvature of the spine in the lumbar region

what is kyphosis?

a dorsally excessive thoracic curvature of the spine

what is the difference between rotation and circumduction?

circumduction is a tri-plane movement

what is dorsiflexion?

lift toes and foot up

what is plantarflexion?

push the toes and foot down

what is the difference between supination/pronation of the foot and inversion/eversion?

supination/pronation are tri-plane movements

What is the difference between the PEACE and LOVE acronym?

PEACE is for immediately after injury, LOVE is for about 48-72 hours after

what does SEM stand for? What is it also known as?

sport and exercise medicine team aka integrated sport team

What is a SEM team?

multi-disciplinary team of sport science, sport medicine and sport performance professionals

what is the goal of a SEM team?

to ensure that athletes are healthy, fit and mentally ready for optimal performance

what does an SEM team consists of?

physician, therapist, strength and condition coach, exercise physiologist, sport psychologist, biomechanist, nutritionist, other

what is the role of the physician in a SEM team?

diagnosing the athlete’s condition and prescribing the treatment

what is the role of the athletic therapist in a SEM team?

prevention, management, treatment, and rehabilitation of injuries

what is the role of the physiotherapist in a SEM team?

prevention of injuries, rehabilitation of more serious injuries/after surgery

what is the role of the strength and conditioning coach in a SEM team?

establishing and maintaining a strength and conditioning program

what is the role of the sport psychologist in a SEM team?

helping athletes to cope with competitive fears, mental skills, preparing for RTS, how to handle emotions after setbacks

what is the role of the biomechanist in a SEM team?

biomechanical assessment to enhance performance and prevent injury

what is the role of the nutritionist in a SEM team?

education of athletes and support staff on how nutrition can enhance performance, recovery and health

what is meant by scope of practice?

the procedures and actions that a qualified practitioner is allowed to do

what is meant by the standard of care?

specifies appropriate treatment based on scientific evidence and collaboration between medical and/or psychological progessionals involved in the treatment of a given condition

what is known as our medical treatment guideline?

standard of care

should the coach be included in clinical decision making?

yes

how do the SEM team for adults compare to youth community club?

youth clubs rarely include specialists even though most injuries occur in youth sports

what is risk management?

process of identifying risks (assessment, evaluation, control)

what are the levels of risk management?

within/across sport, club/team level, individual level

what is the risk assessment aspect of risk management?

process of measurement/estimation of risks to teams and athletes

what is the risk evaluation aspect of risk management?

involves determining the significance and acceptabilty of the risks

what is the risk control aspect of risk management?

process of identifying and implementing methods to control the risks and consequences

what is the risk matrix?

used to assess and evaluate, highlights risk in terms of likelihood and severity

what is required in creating an affective risk management system for a team?

injury surveillance, season analysis, preseason screening, monitoring “at risk” team members, return to sport, education, equipment and facilities, emergency action plan

what is meant by injury surveillance?

building a system for recording injuries throughout the season to understand common injuries

what is meant by preseason screening?

baseline testing and measurement of previous injury

what are the three components of everyday risk management?

environment, equipment, athlete

what is a part of the environment aspect of everyday risk management?

field and surroundings, weather conditions, EAP

what is a part of the equipment aspect of everyday risk management?

protective equipment, special training equipment, first aid kit, AED

what is a part of the athlete aspect of everyday risk management?

medical issues, previous injuries, training history, age, sex

what do we do when a medical problem arises?

be prepared, EAP is critical to facilitate a rapid and effective response to an emergency, EAP should be prepared for practice and competition sites

When do we activate EAP immediately?

is not breathing, does not have a pulse, is bleeding profusely, has impaired consciousness, has injured back, neck, or head, has a visible major trauma, cannot move arms or legs (lost feeling)

what is a sign?

objective, observable

what is a symptom?

subjective, personal description of feeling

what does SOAP note stand for?

subjective, objective, assessment, plan

what is a SOAP note?

method of documentation, standardized way to store medical info

what does a EAP require?

charge person, call person (cellphone, important numbers, instruction to EMS of how to reach facility), first aid kit, automated external defibrillator, ambulation aid

what is a first aid kit?

kit containing basic supplies to manage injuries and medical situations, contains medications, communication sheet, info where AED, spine board and other things are located, player/staff medical profile cards

what is listed on a communication sheet in a first aid kit?

important numbers, address of facility, access (directions/maps), nearest hospital directions

what is listed on player/staff medical profile cards?

name and emergency contact, medical profile

what is important to consider when preparing to travel with a team?

travel destination and accommodation, travel insurance, vaccinations, fitness to travel assessment, nutrition and hydration plan, jetlag, prevention plan, education, medical bag, medical room, EAP

What is jetlag? What does it concern?

time zone dependent factors (direction of travel, number of time zones travelled)

How does direction travel impact jetlag?

west to east (most jetlag), east to west (30-50% less), north to south and south to north (no desynchronization)

how long is the recovery time for the time zones travelled?

one day per time zone travelled

what are the benefits of sport participation?

improved cardiovascular and MSK health, improved motor skills, weight management, sleep quality, stress reduction, improved psychological well-being, social connections, promoting inclusion and diversity

what are some statistics about injuries in youth sport?

1 in every 3 youth (11-18) in Canada seek medical attention for a sport-related injury each year

What are some statistics about the distribution of injury sites in youth sport and recreation?

60% lower extremity injuries (60%knee and ankle), 20% concussions (50% from hockey and rugby)

what sport is the highest burden of sports injuries on?

hockey (10%), basketball (10%), soccer (10%)

what are statistics about sport injuries in european union?

annually 6.1 million people are treated in hospital for sports injuries, 32% of sport injuries affects adolescents and young adults (15-24), team ball sports account 44% of all hospital related sport injuries

what are the consequences of sport injuries?

reduced participation in sport, reduced PA, decreased performance, missed school/work time, academic/career impacts, weight gain and obesity, increased risk for future injury, early PT osteoarthritis, chronic pain, disability, psychological consequences, financial costs

What is Van Mechelen’s model?

four step sequence of injury prevention research

what are the steps in the four step sequence of injury prevention research ?

establish extent of the injury problem, find the mechanisms and risk factors, introduce a preventative measure, evaluate the effectiveness of intervention

what are injury mechanisms?

events leading to injury situation, injury situation, whole body mechanics joint biomechanics

what are examples of modifiable risk factors?

balance, flexibility, strength, aerobic fitness, training load

what are examples of non-modifiable risk factors?

age, sex, previous injury

what are the levels of injury prevention?

primary prevention (reduce occurrence), secondary prevention (early diagnosis), tertiary prevention (minimize consequences)

what are some evidence based sport injury prevention strategies?

training strategies, rule modification, equipment

what are some strategies used in sport injury prevention studies?

training programs to improve fitness/movement quality (n=64), new or modified sport equipment (n=33), new or modified rules (n=19), education (n=14), training programs to improve psychological and/or cognitive skills (n=6), policy change (n=5), multi-component/multiple interventions (n=14)

what are characteristics are seen in NMT injury preventions that are proven to work?

training programs including balance, strength, plyometrics, a change of direction exercises, minimum dose of 10 min two times per week

What have appropriate injury prevention training programs been seen to reduce?

lower limb injury by 19%, ankle sprains by 39%, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries by 61%

why is technique important in sports injuries?

poor technique increases loading forces, injuries are caused by mechanical forces

What is important to understand about technique and ACL injuries?

biomechanics and mechanical loads are key factors in injury occurrence

what are some injury situations for ACL’s?

side cut, change of direction, landing

when do ACL ruptures often occur?

30-40 mins after initial foot contact

what are noncontact mechanisms of ACL injuries?

make up more than 70%, body weight on one leg, small knee flexion angle, knee valgus + internal rotation, high impact force

typically how should NMT be integrated into sessions?

10-20 min warm up before practice and game, 10-20 min cool down after practice and game, perform cutting and landing technique drills in practices, focus on good technique during strength and conditioning training

in team ball sports who typically experiences more injuries?

males

what is the leading risk factor for future injuries?

previous injury

are the consequences of sport injuries short term or long term?

can be either

in the first step of Van Mechelen’s model what do researchers typically do?

collect info on past injuries, exposure hours, type of injury and then analyze the most common injuries (injury rate) and evaluate severity

in the second step of Van mechelen’s model what do researchers typically do?

identify whats leading to thee injury, analyze and compare

what do researchers do in the fourth step of Van mechelen’s model

conduct a RCT of a group with prevention and one without and compare effectiveness

what is key about injury mechanisms?

allows us to see patterns leading up to the injury what and understand how to prevent it

what are the two key categories of risk factors in sport injuries?

internal/intrinsic, external/extrinisic

what are internal/intrinsic risk factors?

athlete related factors

what are external/extrinsic risk factors?

environmental risk factors

can modifiable risk factors be fixed?

they can improve overtime

what does primary injury prevention include?

reducing occurrence of injury in healthy populations, interventions we apply before any sign of injury

what does secondary injury prevention include?

detects injury in early stage to prevent progression

what does tertiary injury prevention include?

aims to stop progression of injury

how does equipment relate to prevention of injury?

equipment used can reduce severity of injury in sports

what does NMT focus on?

performing exercises that train nerves and muscles to react and communicate

what is NMT?

a specialized form of physical training that focuses on improving the coordination and function of the NS and muscular system

what is NMT designed to do?

designed to enhance movement control, stability of movements, movement technique and skills, strength, power, and speed, particularly those involved in sport and daily activities

what are the key components of NMT?

balance and proprioception, plyometrics, strength and stability, agility and coordination, acceleration and deceleration (how to stop), reactive perturbation (how you react to disruption), correct technique

what is key to focus on in NMT?

correct technique

what are the aims of NMT?

to improve neuromuscular control and joint stability, to improve movement skills and technique, to enhance performance, to reduce risk of injury, improvement quality and control

good technique produces ____________

better performance and protects against injury

by focusing on movement control, coordination and technique what does NMT help individuals do?

enhance/learn/re-learn fundamental and sport specific movement skills and patterns, execute movements with greater precision and efficiency, generate fast and optimal muscle firing pattern, increase joint stability, decrease joint forces

what are the primary aims of NMT in rehab?

to restore normal movement patterns, improve joint stability, reduce side-differences (in coordination, strength, power), reduce the risk of subsequent injuries

what are they hypothesizing ACL injuries might be due to?

overuse of ACL