AP Human Geography Unit 5: Agriculture Key Terms

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64 Terms

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Mediterranean Climate
A warm climate that tales place in mid-latitudes such as the southern coast of Europe, the northern coast of Africa, and the pacific coast of the United States.
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Tropical Climate
A climate that is uniformly warm throughout the year as well as being very humid due to heavy rainfall. These climates are located in Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South/Southwest Asia.
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Intensive Agriculture
Practices in which farmers or ranchers use large amounts of inputs (energy,fertilizers, labor, or machines) to maximize yield
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Market Gardening
When fruits and vegetables are near an urban market and sold to local suppliers, stores, or restaurants
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Plantation Agriculture
A type of intensive agriculture that falls under colonialism. Occurs when commercial agriculture replaces subsistence farming. It is accomplished through plantations.
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Mixed Crop/Livestock System
An intensive integrated system that demonstrates an interdependence between crops and animals
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Extensive Agriculture
A practice of agriculture in which one uses fewer inputs and it typically results in less yields
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Shifting Cultivation
Type of subsistence extensive farming where farmers grow crops on a piece of land for a year or two and move to another field when the soil loses fertility.
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Nomadic Herding
The continual movement of livestock in search of forage for animals
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Ranching
The commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area
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Rural Settlement Patterns
Sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities. Typically have an agricultural character.
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Clustered Settlement Pattern
Settlements with groups of homes located near each other in a village, fostering a strong sense of place and often the sharing of services. Villagers raise crops and animals in fields and pastures around the settlement.
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Dispersed settlement pattern
Pattern in which farmers lived in homes spread throughout the countryside
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Linear Settlement pattern
Settlement pattern in which building and human activities are organized close to a body of water or along transportation routes
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Rural Survey Methods
A type of survey method that utilizes metes & bounds, Long lots, and township & ranges
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Metes & Bounds
A way plot boundaries are described when fields have irregular shapes. Metes are used for short distances and refer to specific features whereas bound cover larger areas & are based on larger features.
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Township & Range
Rectangular plots of consistent size by organizing land into townships and sections. Townships are 6 miles long by 6 miles wide and are subdivided into sections which are one square mile
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Long Lot
A system in which farms were long, thin sections of land that ran perpindicular to a river.
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Domestication
To adapt or tame so as to be cultivated by and be beneficial to humans
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Fertile Crescent
The first major hearth of agriculture in Southwest Asia. The area extends to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and continues along the Tigris and Euphrates River
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Indus River Valley
A region in South Asia where the first urban revolution accured around 2200 BCE
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Southeast Asia
A region of the fertile crescent which grows barley,wheat,lentils, and olives
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Central America
A region where hunters first domesticated animals such as dogs and horses
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Columbian Exchange
The global movement of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas
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First Agricultural Revolution
The origin of farming as plants and animals were domesticated to create predictable food sources
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Second Agricultural Revolution
Revolution that began in the 1700’s and used the advances of the Industrial Revolution to increase food supplies
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Green Revolution
The advances in plant biology of the mid-20th Century
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High-Yield Seed
Crops that produce more food per farming cycle than wild varieties.
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Mechanized Farming
Farming Techniques that rely on machines to more efficiently produce crops.
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Commodity Chain
A process used by corporations to gather resources, transform them into goods, and then transport them to consumers
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Economies of Scale
An increase in efficiency to lower the per-unit production cost, resulting in greater profits
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Bid-Rent Theory
Geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the central business district increases
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Monocropping/Monoculture
When only one crop is grown or one type of animal is raised
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Commercial Agriculture
An agricultural style whose goal is to grown enough crops or raise enough livestock to sell for profit
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Subsistence Agriculture
Agricultural style whose goal is to grow enough food or raise enough livestock to meet the immediate needs of the farmer and his/her family
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Von Thunen’s Model
An economic model that suggested a pattern for the types of economic activity: Factories, stores, restaurants, or agriculture
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Global Supply Chain
All the steps required to get a product or service to customers
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Export Commodity
A commodity that is produced in one country and sold to another for export
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Pollution
When humans contaminate the air, water, or land
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Land Cover Change
The study of how land is used and the impact of changing land use
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Desertification
Alteration of the natural vegetation in arid areas causing the land to become infertile
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Soil Salinization
When salt from water used by plants remains in the soil, caused by improper use of irrigation or water high in salt content
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Conservation
The sustainable use and management of Earth’s natural resources to meet human needs
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Slash and Burn Agriculture
An early agricultural practice and type of shifting cultivation. Takes place when all vegetation in an area of forest is cut down and burned in place
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Terrace Farming
An early human alteration of the landscape in which farmers built a series of steps into the side of a hill
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Irrigation
The process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops
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Deforestation
The removal of large tracts of forest
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Pastoral Nomadism
Extensive agricultural activity that involves groups of people moving often and raising animals as their main means of survival
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Biotechnolgy
A form of technology that uses living organisms to modify products, modify plants and animals, or to develop other microrganisms
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Genetically Modified Organisms
Plants or animals that scientists have modified by extracting genes of one species and inserting them into the DNA of other species
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Aquaculture
The practice of raising and harvesting fish and other forms of food that live in the water
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Sustainability
Using the Earth’s resources while not causing permanent damage to the environment
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Biodiversity
An area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals
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Fertilizers
A substance added to soil or water to increase productivity
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Pesticide
Chemicals that are used to treat agricultural crops so as to kill any insects or animals that might try to damage the crop
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Urban Farming
The production of farm goods within an urban area with the goal of producing locally grown food
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Community-Supported Agriculture
A particular network, or association of individuals who have pledged to support one or more local farms
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Value-Added Specialty Crops
Goods that have some other product in them or item attached to them to make them unique and higher priced
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Fair Trade
An effort to promote higher incomes for producers and more sustainable farming practices
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Local Food Movement
Seeking out food produced nearby
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Food Insecurity
When households lack access to adequate food because of limited money or other resources
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Food Desert
A neighborhood where residents have little to no access to healthy and affordable food
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suburbanization
The growth of cities outside of an urban area
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Carrying Capacity
The ability of the land to sustain a certain number of people