Studied by 56 people
Mediterranean Climate
A warm climate that tales place in mid-latitudes such as the southern coast of Europe, the northern coast of Africa, and the pacific coast of the United States.
Tropical Climate
A climate that is uniformly warm throughout the year as well as being very humid due to heavy rainfall. These climates are located in Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South/Southwest Asia.
Intensive Agriculture
Practices in which farmers or ranchers use large amounts of inputs (energy,fertilizers, labor, or machines) to maximize yield
Market Gardening
When fruits and vegetables are near an urban market and sold to local suppliers, stores, or restaurants
Plantation Agriculture
A type of intensive agriculture that falls under colonialism. Occurs when commercial agriculture replaces subsistence farming. It is accomplished through plantations.
Mixed Crop/Livestock System
An intensive integrated system that demonstrates an interdependence between crops and animals
Extensive Agriculture
A practice of agriculture in which one uses fewer inputs and it typically results in less yields
Shifting Cultivation
Type of subsistence extensive farming where farmers grow crops on a piece of land for a year or two and move to another field when the soil loses fertility.
Nomadic Herding
The continual movement of livestock in search of forage for animals
Ranching
The commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area
Rural Settlement Patterns
Sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities. Typically have an agricultural character.
Clustered Settlement Pattern
Settlements with groups of homes located near each other in a village, fostering a strong sense of place and often the sharing of services. Villagers raise crops and animals in fields and pastures around the settlement.
Dispersed settlement pattern
Pattern in which farmers lived in homes spread throughout the countryside
Linear Settlement pattern
Settlement pattern in which building and human activities are organized close to a body of water or along transportation routes
Rural Survey Methods
A type of survey method that utilizes metes & bounds, Long lots, and township & ranges
Metes & Bounds
A way plot boundaries are described when fields have irregular shapes. Metes are used for short distances and refer to specific features whereas bound cover larger areas & are based on larger features.
Township & Range
Rectangular plots of consistent size by organizing land into townships and sections. Townships are 6 miles long by 6 miles wide and are subdivided into sections which are one square mile
Long Lot
A system in which farms were long, thin sections of land that ran perpindicular to a river.
Domestication
To adapt or tame so as to be cultivated by and be beneficial to humans
Fertile Crescent
The first major hearth of agriculture in Southwest Asia. The area extends to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and continues along the Tigris and Euphrates River
Indus River Valley
A region in South Asia where the first urban revolution accured around 2200 BCE
Southeast Asia
A region of the fertile crescent which grows barley,wheat,lentils, and olives
Central America
A region where hunters first domesticated animals such as dogs and horses
Columbian Exchange
The global movement of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas
First Agricultural Revolution
The origin of farming as plants and animals were domesticated to create predictable food sources
Second Agricultural Revolution
Revolution that began in the 1700’s and used the advances of the Industrial Revolution to increase food supplies
Green Revolution
The advances in plant biology of the mid-20th Century
High-Yield Seed
Crops that produce more food per farming cycle than wild varieties.
Mechanized Farming
Farming Techniques that rely on machines to more efficiently produce crops.
Commodity Chain
A process used by corporations to gather resources, transform them into goods, and then transport them to consumers
Economies of Scale
An increase in efficiency to lower the per-unit production cost, resulting in greater profits
Bid-Rent Theory
Geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the central business district increases
Monocropping/Monoculture
When only one crop is grown or one type of animal is raised
Commercial Agriculture
An agricultural style whose goal is to grown enough crops or raise enough livestock to sell for profit
Subsistence Agriculture
Agricultural style whose goal is to grow enough food or raise enough livestock to meet the immediate needs of the farmer and his/her family
Von Thunen’s Model
An economic model that suggested a pattern for the types of economic activity: Factories, stores, restaurants, or agriculture
Global Supply Chain
All the steps required to get a product or service to customers
Export Commodity
A commodity that is produced in one country and sold to another for export
Pollution
When humans contaminate the air, water, or land
Land Cover Change
The study of how land is used and the impact of changing land use
Desertification
Alteration of the natural vegetation in arid areas causing the land to become infertile
Soil Salinization
When salt from water used by plants remains in the soil, caused by improper use of irrigation or water high in salt content
Conservation
The sustainable use and management of Earth’s natural resources to meet human needs
Slash and Burn Agriculture
An early agricultural practice and type of shifting cultivation. Takes place when all vegetation in an area of forest is cut down and burned in place
Terrace Farming
An early human alteration of the landscape in which farmers built a series of steps into the side of a hill
Irrigation
The process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops
Deforestation
The removal of large tracts of forest
Pastoral Nomadism
Extensive agricultural activity that involves groups of people moving often and raising animals as their main means of survival
Biotechnolgy
A form of technology that uses living organisms to modify products, modify plants and animals, or to develop other microrganisms
Genetically Modified Organisms
Plants or animals that scientists have modified by extracting genes of one species and inserting them into the DNA of other species
Aquaculture
The practice of raising and harvesting fish and other forms of food that live in the water
Sustainability
Using the Earth’s resources while not causing permanent damage to the environment
Biodiversity
An area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals
Fertilizers
A substance added to soil or water to increase productivity
Pesticide
Chemicals that are used to treat agricultural crops so as to kill any insects or animals that might try to damage the crop
Urban Farming
The production of farm goods within an urban area with the goal of producing locally grown food
Community-Supported Agriculture
A particular network, or association of individuals who have pledged to support one or more local farms
Value-Added Specialty Crops
Goods that have some other product in them or item attached to them to make them unique and higher priced
Fair Trade
An effort to promote higher incomes for producers and more sustainable farming practices
Local Food Movement
Seeking out food produced nearby
Food Insecurity
When households lack access to adequate food because of limited money or other resources
Food Desert
A neighborhood where residents have little to no access to healthy and affordable food
suburbanization
The growth of cities outside of an urban area
Carrying Capacity
The ability of the land to sustain a certain number of people
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