unit 11- 15

what is lymphatic system

The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste, and other unwanted materials. It plays a crucial role in immune function and maintaining fluid balance in the body.

what is primary ,secondary and third line defense

Primary, secondary, and tertiary lines of defense are the body's mechanisms for protecting against pathogens. The primary defense includes physical and chemical barriers; secondary defense involves immune responses like inflammation and phagocytosis; tertiary defense encompasses specific immune responses such as antibody production.

lymphatic organ

Any organ involved in the lymphatic system, such as lymph nodes, spleen, or thymus, which plays a role in immune responses and filtering lymph.

lymphatic vessel

A type of vessel that transports lymph fluid throughout the lymphatic system, connecting lymph nodes and organs, and assisting in immune function.

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

Lymphatic vessels are responsible for transporting lymph fluid throughout the lymphatic system, connecting lymph nodes and organs, and assisting in immune function.

What is lymph fluid?

Lymph fluid is a clear fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system, containing white blood cells, proteins, and other substances, helping in immune response and fluid balance.

What role do lymph nodes play?

Lymph nodes act as filters for lymph fluid, trapping pathogens and foreign particles, and they are critical in the body’s immune response.

What is the spleen?

The spleen is a lymphatic organ that filters blood, removes old or damaged blood cells, and plays a role in immune function by producing white blood cells.

What is the thymus?

The thymus is a lymphatic organ where T-cells mature; it plays an essential role in developing the immune system, particularly during childhood.

How does the lymphatic system maintain fluid balance?

The lymphatic system collects excess fluid from tissues and returns it to the bloodstream, preventing fluid accumulation and swelling.

What is the circulatory system?

The circulatory system is the body system responsible for the transportation of blood, nutrients, gases, and waste products to and from cells throughout the body.

What are the main components of the circulatory system?

The main components of the circulatory system include the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), and blood.

What is the function of the heart?

The heart functions as a muscular pump that circulates blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products.

What is the role of arteries?

Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues of the body.

What is the role of veins?

Veins are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

What are capillaries?

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.

What is blood pressure?

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). It is an important indicator of cardiovascular health.

What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation?

Systemic circulation refers to the pathway in which oxygenated blood is distributed from the heart to the rest of the body, while pulmonary circulation is the segment where deoxygenated blood is sent from the heart to the lungs to receive oxygen.

What is plasma?

Plasma is the liquid component of blood, comprising about 55% of its volume, and contains water, salts, proteins, hormones, and waste products.

What are red blood cells?

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are the cells in blood that transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and return carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

What are white blood cells?

White blood cells (leukocytes) are components of the immune system that help the body fight infections and other diseases.

What is interstitial fluid?

Interstitial fluid is the fluid that surrounds tissue cells, providing them with nutrients and facilitating waste removal.

What are lymphocytes?

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a pivotal role in the immune response, including T-cells and B-cells.

What is the role of the bone marrow in the lymphatic system?

Bone marrow is responsible for producing lymphocytes and other blood cells; it is a vital component of the immune system.

How do lymphatic vessels prevent backflow?

Lymphatic vessels contain valves that prevent the backflow of lymph, ensuring it flows in one direction toward the lymph nodes.

What is lymphadenopathy?

Lymphadenopathy is the condition of enlarged lymph nodes, which can indicate an infection, inflammation, or other disease.

What are the functions of the tonsils?

The tonsils are lymphatic tissues that help protect against pathogens entering through the mouth or nose and play a role in immune function.

What is edema?

Edema is the accumulation of excess fluid in body tissues, often caused by the failure of lymphatic drainage.

What are spleen functions besides filtering blood?

The spleen also stores blood, recycles iron, and helps initiate an immune response by producing antibodies.

What is lymphatic drainage?

Lymphatic drainage is the process of removing lymph fluid from tissues, which is essential for maintaining healthy fluid balance in the body.

What triggers the immune response initiated by the lymphatic system?

The immune response is triggered by the recognition of pathogens or foreign substances by lymphocytes.

What is the role of cytokines in the immune system?

Cytokines are signaling molecules that regulate immune responses, influencing the behavior of immune cells and facilitating communication between them.

What are phagocytes?

Phagocytes are immune cells that engulf and digest pathogens and debris, playing a crucial role in the body's defense mechanisms.

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense, providing immediate but non-specific protection; adaptive immunity develops over time and targets specific pathogens.

What are antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

APCs are immune cells that process and present antigens to T-cells, helping to initiate an adaptive immune response.

What is the function of antibodies?

Antibodies are proteins produced by B-cells that bind to specific antigens, neutralizing pathogens and marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

What is the blood-brain barrier?

The blood-brain barrier is a selective barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream while allowing essential nutrients to pass through.

What is the role of helper T-cells?

Helper T-cells assist other immune cells by releasing cytokines, enhancing the immune response, and activating B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells.

What is autoimmunity?

Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells, leading to autoimmune diseases.

What is the function of the bone marrow in the immune system?

Bone marrow produces all blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; it is integral to the development of the immune system.

What is an immune response?

An immune response is the body's defensive reaction to foreign substances, involving various immune cells and mechanisms to eliminate pathogens.

What are the roles of the lymphatic system in the body?

The lymphatic system contributes to immune defense, maintains fluid balance, and absorbs fats and fat-soluble nutrients from the digestive system.

What is a pathogen?

A pathogen is any organism or substance that can cause disease, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

What is the function of memory cells in the immune system?

Memory cells are a type of lymphocyte that remember past infections, enabling a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.

What are the two main types of adaptive immunity?

The two main types of adaptive immunity are humoral immunity, which involves B-cells and antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity, which involves T-cells.

What is the lymphatic capillary?

Lymphatic capillaries are small, thin-walled vessels that collect interstitial fluid and transport it to larger lymphatic vessels.

What is the purpose of the bone marrow?

The bone marrow is essential for producing blood cells, including lymphocytes, which are vital for the immune response.

What is the significance of the tonsils in the body?

Tonsils are lymphatic tissue that helps trap pathogens entering through the mouth and nose, playing a key role in immune function.

What is the role of cytotoxic T-cells?

Cytotoxic T-cells target and destroy infected or cancerous cells by recognizing specific antigens presented on the surface of these cells.

What is inflammation?

Inflammation is the body’s immediate response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain, aimed at containing and eliminating pathogens.

What are the different types of white blood cells?

The major types of white blood cells include lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells), neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, each with distinct roles in the immune response.