Unit 2- AP U.S GOV & POL

Baker v. Carr (1962)

This case opened the door to equal protection challenges to redistricting and the development of “one person, one vote” doctrine by ruling that challenges to redistricting did not raise “political questions” that would keep federal courts from reviewing such challenges.

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

Majority-minority districts, created under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, may be constitutionally challenged by voters if race is the only factor used in creating the district.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

A women’s choice whether to have an abortion is protected under the due process clause of the 14th amendment.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

This case established the principle of judicial review, empowering the Supreme Court to nullify an act of the legislative or executive branch that violates the Constitution.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

This case established supremacy of the U.S. Constitution and federal laws over state laws. Helps to establish the “necessary and proper clause”.

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Congress may not use the commerce clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime. (Texas)

1st Article

Legislative Branch

2nd Article

Executive Branch

3rd Article

Judicial Branch

4th Article

State powers and protections

5th Article

Amendments

6th Article

Supremacy Clause

7th Article

Ratification

Brutus 1

Smaller governments are easier to govern.

Federalist 10

Citizens are protected when “factions” appoint representatives to represent them.

Federalist 51

Check the balances is a vital part of the United States government system.

Federalist 70

“Energetic” president is necessary to ensure accountability and defend against legislative encroachment on his power.

Federalist 78

Judicial review is an integral part of the checks and balances system.

Declaration of Independence

Includes our natural rights of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"

Constitution

7 articles, 27 amendments

Articles of Confederation

First form of government

Amendment 5

No double jeopardy or no witness against yourself.

Amendment 6

The right to a speedy and public trial

Amendment 7

Right to jury trial

Amendment 8

No excessive bail or cruel punishment.

Amendment 9

People get rights not listed in the Constitution

Amendment 10

Rights not given to federal government is given to the states and people

Amendment 11

Cannot sue state in a federal court

Amendment 12

Vice President and President

Amendment 13

Abolishment of slavery.

Amendment 14

Citizenship, due process clause, and equal protection clause.

Amendment 15

Racism is prohibited when it comes to voting

Amendment 16

Income taxes

Amendment 17

Direct election of senators

Amendment 18

Prohibition

Amendment 19

Women’s right to vote

Amendment 20

President takes office on January 20th.

Amendment 21

Repeal prohibition

Amendment 22

President can only serve two terms

Amendment 23

Citizen of Washington DC may vote for the presidency.

Amendment 24

Poll taxes

Amendment 25

Rules for who becomes president if the president dies/resigns etc.

Amendment 26

18 year olds get to vote.

Amendment 27

Congress cannot accept pay raise until next term.

Bully pulpit

President uses his/her position to shape public opinion and promote there political platform

Executive order

Congressional term

Enumerated presidential power

Make treaties

Dobs v. Women’s