Physiology - Cellular Metabolic Pathways

What is the term for the breakdown of macromolecules to harvest energy?

Catabolism

What is the term for the uses energy in the formation of molecules?

Anabolism

What is the term for the process that converts 1 glucose (C6H12O6) into 2 pyruvates (3 carbon molecule) through a 10-step process, which produces a net 2 ATP per glucose molecule?

Glycolysis

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

No

Glycolysis occurs where?

Cytosol

What happens to the intermediates during glycolysis?

Ionized (then trapped in the cells).

What happens to the pyruvate leftover from glycolysis?

Kreb's cycle or lactate

Most pyruvate leftover from glycolysis goes where and does what?

Kreb's cycle and become CO2.

Does the conversion of pyruvate to lactate require oxygen?

No

Does glycolysis occur quickly or slowly

Slowly

Is glycolysis efficient?

No

What is the term for the model that utilizes molecular fragments formed during carb, protein and fat breakdown to produce CO2, H+ atoms and small amounts of ATP?

Kreb's cycle

The Kreb's cycle occurs where?

Mitochondria

During the Kreb's cycle, pyruvate is converted into what?

Acetyl-CoA

Does the Kreb's cycle occur in aerobic conditions, anaerobic conditions, or both?

Aerobic conditions

What is another name for the Kreb's cycle?

Citric Acid Cycle

Is the Citric Acid cycle fast or slow?

Fast

Is the Citric Acid Cycle efficient or inefficient

Inefficient

The Kreb's Cycle produces what?

H+

Does the Kreb's Cycle recycle or use and break down enzymes?

Recycle

After the Kreb's cycle, the products enter what process?

Oxidative Phosphorylation

What process is most important mechanism by which ATP is produced. H+ atoms (that are produced as byproducts of glycolysis and Kreb's cycle) enter the pathway and combine with molecular O2 to form water. This union releases energy in the form of ATP.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs where?

Mitochondria

Oxidative Phosphorylation utilizes what to transfer electrons to molecular oxygen

Electron transport chain

In theory, how many ATP can you generate with 1 molecule of glucose during oxidative phosphorylation?

34-38

What is the byproduct of oxidative phosphorylation?

Water

What is the most efficient form of cellular energy transfer?

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Excess glucose can be stored in the body (liver and skeletal muscle) as what?

Glycogen

Enzymes for synthesis and breakdown of glucose are located where?

Cytosol

What is the term for the breakdown of glycogen to glucose?

Glycogenolysis

What is the term for the creation of new glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors?

Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis occurs where?

Liver, Kidneys

When you are HANGRY, this is the process going on in your body

Gluconeogenesis

Fat catabolism occurs by the process of what?

Beta Oxidation

Is fat catabolism productive or inefficient?

Productive

Enzymes for fat catabolism are located where in the cell?

Mitochondria

During fat catabolism, what binds to fatty acids and undergoes the process of beta oxidation?

Acetyl-coA

Is fat catabolism aerobic, anaerobic, or both?

Aerobic

One cycle of fat catabolism can produce how many ATP?

148 ATP

What is the term for amino acids can also be broken down into intermediates that are used for the glycolytic pathway or Kreb's cycle?

Protein catabolism

For protein catabolism, what produces keto acids which act as intermediates that can be used in 1 of 3 ways.

Oxidative deamination

What is the byproduct of protein catabolism?

Ammonia

Ammonia is converted into what by the body?

Urea

Keto diets can be dangerous - why?

They stimulate protein catabolism which produces toxic ammonia as a byproduct

What 4 blood lipoproteins occur in the plasma?

Cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, protein

As levels of triglycerides and cholesterol increase in the blood, levels of what decrease?

Protein

Ideal blood LDL levels are what?

Below 100

Ideal blood HDL levels are what?

Above 60

What property of LDL's makes them so dangerous?

They are sticky (stick to blood vessel walls and clog)

What disease is associated with high LDL levels?

Artherosclerosis

LDL levels are increased by what?

Physical inactivity, obesity, diet high in saturated fats

What may actually have some role in preventing arthersclerosis?

HDL

Ammonia is especially toxic to what organ?

Brain

Excess ammonia can lead to what?

Hepatic coma

What measures the levels of nitrogen in blood in form of urea?

BUN

Normal BUN range?

7-21 mg/dL

Increased BUN can be caused by what?

Congestive Heart Failure, MI, burns, renal artery stenosis, etc.

Dehydration will do what to BUN levels?

Increase