HRT 3M1 Exam Review

Vocabulary flashcards for HRT 3M1 Exam Review

Cosmocentric

World/Nature. Nature expresses the divine and is full of the spirit of the sacred. People are part of the web of nature and must honour it. Example: Indigenous spirituality

Medicine Man/Shaman

A man or woman that possesses great spiritual power and heals their people physically and spiritually. Uses his or her power for the benefit of the community. Is a physical and spiritual healer who performs ceremonies using knowledge of medicines and herbs. Remembers and tells the spiritual teachings of the community.

Animism

The belief that all things, human and non-human, have spirits or souls, and that they live on after death through the presence of their spirits. Further, the spirits will return to the environment in the afterlife.

Vision Quest

Initiation rite that tries to put the Aboriginal youth in touch with their spirit guide. A young person would fast and pray at a remote location to obtain a vision that would forecast the course of their life. The candidate would receive special powers and gain friendly birds and animals that would help him/ her later in life

Sweat Lodge

Ceremonies purify the body, mind, spirit, and heart and restore right relationships with self, others, and the creator. A closed structure with a pit where heated rocks are placed. The sweat leader pours water on the hot rocks to create steam. Participants sing, pray, talk, or meditate as they sit.

Totem Pole

Like a book – it is a visual way of passing on stories of the tribe or clan from one generation to another. The symbols on the pole usually represent the family, tribe, or clan. It is a way of adding visual representations to the Oral History that is passed down through the generations.

Theocentric

God centred. God is the source and centre of life. All meaning comes from our relationship with God. The purpose of life is to discover the path that leads to union with God. Example: Christianity

Shema Isreal

Prayer. You shall bind them as a sign upon your hand, they shall be a reminder above your eyes, and you shall inscribe them upon your doorposts of your home and upon your gates

Rosh Hashanah

Means beginning of year, celebrates new year and time to consider how you used your gifts. The holiday is an occasion of reflection celebrated with prayer, symbolic food, blowing traditional shofar horn. Apple and honey, pomegranate eaten.

Hanukkah

REDEDICATION, means dedication commemorates the rededication of holy temple in Jerusalem. Miracle of oil lasting 8 days, 8 days of celebration, lighting a menorah each night, playing with a dreidel, eating fried foods and giving gifts.

Shofar

An ancient musical horn typically made of a ram’s horn, used for Jewish religious purposes. Reminder to ask forgiveness of sins and to indicate celebration of God’s creation.

Seder Plate (Passover)

Is a central element of the Passover Seder meals → holds symbolic foods representing the Jewish peoples’ journey from slavery to freedom, with each item carrying a specific meaning.

Shabbat

Final day of the week, from sundown of Friday to Saturday night. Eat special meals, pray, do not work, do not drive. Celebrating the Creation story

Bris

The Jewish circumcision ceremony. It is occurs on a male’s eighth day of life, and the ritual is carried out by a skilled circumciser. It is a celebration marking the entrance of another Jewish male into the covenant of Abraham.

Bar/ Bat Mitzvah

Coming of age ceremony for Jewish boys and girls when they reach the age of 12 or 13 This ceremony marks the time when a boy or girl becomes a Jewish adult, meaning that they are now responsible for their own actions and can decide for themselves how they would like to practice Judaism.

Rabbi

Means “teacher. Many Rabbis are employed by a synagogue's congregation to lead worship and provide spiritual guidance.

Dietary Laws/Kashrut

Kosher means clean and pure, animals are killed in a special way–blood removed before meat can be eaten, and blessed by Rabbi. Kashrut means food is fit or propper

Orthodox Judaism

Most traditional and strict. follow dietary laws, Sabbath observance, follow special dress and grooming requirements (e.g. no cutting of the beard or hair from the sides of the head). Must follow tradition in the Torah. Women and men separated during worship

Reform Judaism

19th century movement Want to modernize the religion to the evolving nature of life. Dietary laws, Sabbath observance optional equality for women seen as acceptable.

Conservative Judaism

Began as a 19th Century reaction to Reform Judaism. Members embrace modern dress. Women have more room to move out of traditional roles as mothers and homemakers. Admitted women Rabbis starting in the 1980s. Still follow nearly all Jewish laws. They find a balance between orthodox and reform.

Tefillin

Black leather boxes work on head and arms with straps to represent serving God through body and mind by doing good and studying.

Tallit with tzitzit

Four cornered prayer shawl worn by adult Jewish men, the Tzitzit are fringes on the tallit that act as a reminder of all the Mitzvot and ten commandments by Torah

Anthropocentric

Human centred. Humans are the centre of the universe. Individual humans and communities are of utmost importance. Human dignity and worth are the most important things Example: Islam, Catholicism, Judaism

St. Paul

Paul was a persecutor of Christian’s and wanted to punish Jews who saw Jesus as the messiah. Paul experienced a vision while on his way to persecute Christians → heard Jesus speak to him, asking why Paul was persecuting him → led to temporary blindness. After converting, Paul established churches and spread the teachings of Jesus.

St. Peter

Became a disciple of Jesus → asked his brother Andrew to follow him as they were promised that they would be made fisher of men. Witnessed events such as Jesus walking on water. Proclaimed Jesus as the Messiah. Performed powerful preaching and miraculous acts → healing the sick. Became the first bishop in Rome

Group 1 (Council of Jerusalem)

Christians of a Jewish background and Gentile converts who insisted on full following of Mosiac laws, including kosher and circumcision. This was necessary for being a Christian “Jerusalem Church”

Group 2 (Council of Jerusalem)

Christians of a Jewish background and Gentile converts who did not insist on circumcision but they had to obey kosher laws.

Group 3 (Council of Jerusalem)

Christians of a Jewish background and their Gentile converts did not have to be circumcised or follow Jewish laws to be Christian. Called Hellenists because members were Greek.

Council of Nicaea

The First Council of Nicaea, held in Nicaea, and was called by the Roman Emperor Constantine in 325 AD. It was the first Ecumenical Council of the early Christian Church, and most significantly resulted in the first Christian doctrine, called the Nicene Creed

Consubstantial/Homoousios

Greek meaning of the same substance or merely of similar substance. Pertains to the the nature of Jesus in relationship to the Father at the Council of Nicaea.

Council of Trent

19th ecumenical council Date: 1545 to 1563. Purpose: 1) Bring back the reformers (followers of luther, calvin, and henry) 2) Redefine/ clarify basic Catholic teachings

Arius/Arianism

A group of Christians who followed the teachings of a man named Arius, a Christian Priest from Egypt. Arius’s teachings gave rise to Arianism

Beatitudes

Jesus Christ gave us the 8 Beatitudes in the Sermon on the Mount. They are now recorded in the Gospel of Matthew, the first book in the New Testament of the Bible. Help us find happiness where we normally would not expect to find happiness.

Trinity

Two types of symbols represent the trinity: 3 rings or 3 interlocking fish. Both show the interconnectedness of God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.

Confirmation

A Christian rite where individuals publicly reaffirm their baptisimal vows and commitment to the faith

Christmas

Celebrates the birth of Jesus .December 25 (Christmas day) → Jan 7 for Orthodox Christians. Thank God for his gifts and go to service. It is celebrated by gift giving and spending time with family, friends, and loved ones

Easter

Easter celebrates the resurrection of Jesus three days after Good Friday . It is the first full moon of the spring Equinox. Celebrates the resurrection of Jesus and his conquest of sin, death, and evil.

Patriarch vs. Pope

In the West, the Pope is the leader of the hierarchy, overseer of the faith and is held above every other Bishop. In Orthodox tradition, the Patriarchs are a team of collaborators who are equal and oversee their territory

Martin Luther

Believed that human beings are saved by faith alone and not by any works they do. The Church’s sale of indulgences was wrong. Challenged the authority of the Pope. Scripture is more important than tradition

John Calvin

The omnipotence of God and the salvation of the elect by God’s grace alone, basically the theory of predestination. Denied that human beings were capable of free will

King Henry VIII

Broke away from the Roman Catholic Church to form the Church of England (Angilican), largely because Pope Clement VII refused to give him an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

Constantine

Introduced laws supporting Christianity and its moral teachings (called the Edict of Milan). The Edict of Milan proclaimed religious toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire and stopped the persecution of Christians

Vatican Council II

Council gathered the bishops of the Catholic Church together to discuss the need to update certain practices of the faith. Council embodied ECUMENISM. 3 Declarations: 1) Fognitatis Humanae (Religious Freedom) 2) Gravissimum Educationis (Christian Education) 3) Nostra Aetate (Relations with Non- Christians)

Chi-Rho (Monogram of Christ)

Chi-Rho is the oldest known monogram for letter symbol for Christ Chi (x= ch) and Rho (p=r) are the first three letters of “Christ” or “Christos” in the Greek language

The Cross

The object Jesus Christ was crucified on. Most popular used symbol to represent Christianity

Christian Fish or Ichthus

Was a secret symbol of early Christianity to identify other Christians in a time where Christianity was banned The Greek word for fish (ichthus) also forms the acronym Jesus Christ, God’s son, Savior

Abraham (Islam)

Is one of the seven prophets who received the scriptures from God. Taught people to abandon idolatry. proved to be the source of two great prophetic families: The Arab lineage through his son Ishmael and Ishmael’s mother (Hagar).

Qu'ran

Is Islamic sacred/ holy scripture. Literally means “recite” or “recitation” – helps Muslims remember Allah. Cannot be altered – FINAL REVELATION OF GOD. Word of God received by Muhammad

Sunna

Means ‘beaten path’; body of Islamic custom based on Muhammad’s own words and actions (based on accoints by inner circle of family and friends)

Hadith

Record of Muhammad’s words and actions, and statements about current religious practices by others, and whether he approved of those practices (not first person accounts).

Mosque

The Mosque is the place of worship. Muslims gather to pray/worship in a mosque. Muhammad built the first mosque at the end of hijra from Mecca to Medina

Imam

Imam is a Muslim leader of prayer and giver of sermons in the mosque

Sawm (fasting)

Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan is the fourth pillar of Islam. Fasting is an excercise in self-control

Eid al- Fitr

Ramadan ends with the 3 day feast of Eid al-Fitr Festival of Breaking of the Fast Firsy day of the tenth month of the Islamic calender Family meals and gift giving

Shahadah (Creed)

Profession of faith, is the first pillar of Islam (creed) Muslisms bear witness to the oneness of God by reciting the creed “There is no God but God and Muhammad is the Messenger of God”

Salat (Prayer)

The second pullar is called salat or salah. It requires a Muslim to pray 5x a day towards Mecca. They must pray at dawn, noon, afternoon, evening, and night.

Zakat (Almsgiving)

Is the third pillar Giving to charity

Haji (pilgrimage)

Journey to the Kaaba in Mecca, is the fifth pillar is a once in a lifetime duty (a must if you are physically and financially able to) emphasizes equality and that in death, all material things are left behind

Shahadah (Creed)

Muslims bear witness to the oneness of God by reciting the creed “There is no God but God and Muhammad is the Messenger of God” This simple yet profound statement expresses a Muslism’s complete acceptance of and total commitment to Islam

Kaaba

The Kaaba is the cube-shaped shrine in the centre of the Great Mosque in Mecca - the holiest place for Muslims.

Brahma

The creator set the world in motion Gives order and structure for society Is considered above worship (deep respect) and is not worshipped directly Has four faces (all-seeing, all knowing)

Vishnu (The Preserver)

Has four arms in which he holds a conch shell, a discus, a lotus, and a mace Loving and forgiving figure who brings salvation His incarnations are called avatars

Shiva (The Destroyer)

The destroyer and restorer of the universe is the most worshipped of these gods . Dance is energy that keeps the universe moving

Moksha

Freedom from the eternal cycle of life, death, and rebirth. Every Hindu hopes to achieve Moksha, where the atman breaks out of the cycle of rebirth and joins with Brahman

Dharma

One’s duty. Hindus believe that life involves a series of duties called dharma. The best way to ensure good karma is to do good deeds and follow one’s duty.

Karma

Belief that good deeds and bad deeds influence the path we must follow. How you live now will determine what happens next.

Samsara

The law of birth, death, and rebirth, or the process of reincarnation. In Hindiusm, all life is governed by the law of birth, death, and rebirth.

Atman

Is your TRUE SELF. Is a drop of the divine Brahman exists within a person; therefore, all persons are a part of the divine. It is important to become aware of this divine spark of Brahman within themselves and within all things.

Maya

The Hindu word for illusion is “maya” For Hindus, everything we see, smell, touch, hear, or think is illusion.

Ahimsa

The principle of non-violence

Vedas

The oldest and most authoritative Hindu scriptures Praise dieties while providing instructions for priests and descriptions of religious ceremonies

Diwali

Festival of Lights and is celebrated to honor Rama-chandra, the seventh avatar (incarnation of the god Vishnu). It is believed that on this day Rama returned to his people after 14 years of exile

Mandir

A complex of shrines, each devoted to a different deity To enter you must wash your hands and remove shoes

Caste System

The Caste system is said to have come to ancient India around 1500 BCE, with the Aryans It structures and organizes society to create an efficient and effective whole, giving each member a specific role and responsibility

Brahmans

Brahman The priestly caste. Role is to study and teach in matters of faith Lead most key rituals

Kshatriyas

The Warrior caste. Role is to protect the people and run a fair government

Vaishyas

Traders, merchants, farmers, artists, businesspeople, skilled trades. Role is to take care of the economic needs of the community

Sudras

The Lowest caste. They serve the three higher castes Unskilled workers, servants, menial workers

Untouchables

Considered outsiders May not interact in any way with members of the four castes They did the dirties work in society and lived separately.

Student Stage

In upper castes, one is expected to live for a time w/his religious tutor. Memorize and understand the Vedas Learn requirements for dharma Develop appropriate attitude and character Acquire a practical trade/profession Arranged marriages (girls = 15 boys =18)

Housholder stage

The time for having children, raising a family, and working and fulfilling our duties to society . Expected to marry and undertake responsibilities of parenthood

Retired/ Semi-retired stage

A time for return to contemplation and for guiding society in the distance. the real self and the real nature of the universe after one’s first grandchild is born - withdraw from family and professional activities

Wandering Asectic Stage

Would take his staff and begging bowl, leave his village and wanders from place to place Helps people by sharing his wisdom.

Aum

AUM or OM is the main symbol of Hinduism. It is both a visual symbol and sound of Brahman (God).Each sound represents a different aspect of God.

Sacred Cow

The cow is sacred in India because it is the offspring of the celestial cow created by Lord Krishna (avatar of Vishnu the preserver from the Trimurti) from his own body.

Sri Yantra

Geometrical pattern, used as a visual focal point for meditation. Type of mandala Represents the form of the goddess. 9 intersecting triangles to form 43 triangles in all.

Buddha

Reached enlightenment when he noticed that deeds in one’s life affected his/her after life and that all life was suffering - He reached a state of Nirvana, a state of total liberation and serenity.

Nirvana

A state of total liberation and serenity Is a state of being freed from having desires. It is the end to pain and suffering

Anicca

Impermanence, the world stays in constant flux and nothing stays the same for long, clinging to the notion of permanency adds to dissatisfaction and suffering in life

Dukkha

All life involves suffering. Continuous happiness does not exist, since feelings only last for a limited amount of time.

Anatta

There is no permanent identity or existence, all parts are impermanent and ultimately an illusion. WE can not point to one thing in ourselves and say it is 'self', even our soul. Enlightened Buddhists are detached from material goods and images of themselves

Tripitakas

The earliest collection of Buddhist scriptures, also known as the “Three Baskets”

The Three Jewels

AKA: The Buddhist creed

Noble Eightfold Path

Right mindfulness- to remain focused on the present moment and recognize things they are

Siddhartha Gautama: 4 visions/sights

Getting old/body decay, body fails to function, death affects us all, a way out, possible solution to suffering Siddhartha Gautama's 4 visions.

Anatta

The Wheel of Dharma (DHARMACHAKRA) is one of the most important symbols in Buddhism The eight spokes of the wheel represent each of the steps of