final exam flash cards with Questions

Who was Tenskwatawa?

A Shawnee spiritual prophet who led a religious revival among Native peoples in the early 1800s.

What message did Tenskwatawa spread?

He urged Native people to reject American culture and return to traditional ways.

How did he influence Tecumseh?

His spiritual leadership helped legitimize Tecumseh’s political movement for a Native confederacy.

What event damaged his credibility?

He claimed his followers were invulnerable to bullets at the Battle of Tippecanoe, which proved false.

How did U.S. officials see him?

As a dangerous agitator inspiring Native resistance.

What was prophetstown?

A multi-tribal Native community founded by Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh.

Where was Prophetstown located?

Near the tippecanoe river in present-day Indiana.

Why was prophetstown important?

It served as the headquarters for the Native resistance confederacy.

What happened at Prophetstown in 1811?

Harrison’s forces destroyed it after the Battle of Tippcanoe.

What did the destruction of Prophetstown symbolize?

The weakening of Native unity against U.S. expansion.

What role did Harrison play in early U.S. politics?

He was a territorial governor and military commander in the Northwest Territory.

What is W.H Harrison known for militarily?

Leading U.S. forces at Battle of Tippcanoe.

How did this help his political career?

It gave him a “frontier hero” reputation.

What slogan helped him win the presidency?

“Tippecanoe and Tyler Too.”

What is unique about his presidency?

He served the shorted term—only about a month.

Who is Joy Harjo?

A Muscogee poet and the first Native American poet.

What is the Native American Renaissance?

A surge in Indigenous literature beginning in the late 20th century.

How did Harjo contribute to Native American Renaissance?

Through poetry exploring identity, trauma, and indigenous survival.

What themes appear in Harjo work?

Nature, memory, spirituality, and colonization.

What milestone did Harjo achieve?

Becoming the nation’s first Native poet Laureate in 2019.

What is civic nationalism?

National identity based on shared political values rather than ethnicity.

How did Madison promote it?

By arguing that the Constitution united citizens through principles, not heritage.

How did civic republican national different from ethnic nationalism?

It emphasizes participation and rights instead of cultural sameness.

How did Madison shape early American unity?

Through the Federalist Papers and constitutional design.

What did Madison believe held the nation together?

Commitment to republics government

What was Fredrick Douglass’s idea of universal nationalism?

A belief that the nation should include all people equally regardless of race.

How did Douglass critique American democracy?

By exposing its hypocrisy in allowing slavery.

What did Douglass argue about the Constitution?

That it could be interpreted as anti-slavery.

How did Douglass promote inclusion?

Through speeches demanding equal right for all.

Why was Fredrick Douglass influential?

He reshaped abolitionist thinking and American ideals.

What triggered the Creek War?

Internal divisions among the Creek and U.S. pressure on Native lands.

Who were the Red Sticks?

A Creek faction resisting American influence.

What role did Andrew Jackson play?

He led U.S. militia forces to crush the Red Sticks.

What treaty ended the war?

The Treaty of Fort Jackson.

How did the war affect the Creek Nation?

They lost massive amounts of land to the U.S.

How did Jackson portray himself?

As a champion of the common man.

What was Jackson’s view on federal power?

He supported a strong presidency but favored states’ rights selectively.

How did jackson expand presidential authority?

Through veto use and direct appeals to voters.

What was Andrew Jackson’s role in Native policy?

He pushed for removal of Native peoples from the Southeast.

Why is jackson associated with Jacksonian democracy?

He broadened white male participation in politics.

What was the Bank War?

Jackson’s campaign to destroy the Second Bank of the United States.

Why did Jackson oppose the Bank?

He saw it as corrupt and favoring elites.

Who led the Bank?

Nicholas Biddle.

What were “pet banks”?

State banks that received federal deposits after Jackson diverted funds.

What was the outcome?

Financial instability and the Panic of 1837.

When was the Indian Removal Act passed?

1830

Who signed the Indian Removal Act?

President Andrew Jackson.

Which tribes were targeted?

Primarily the “Five Civilized Tribes.”

What was the Trail of Tears?

The forced, deadly relocation of the Cherokee.

What did Worcester v. Georgia decide?

That states couldn’t impose laws on Native territory (which Jackson ignored).

What is historiography?

The study of how history is written and how interpretations change over time.

How does historiography differ from history?

History tells what happened; historiography analyzes how historians explain what happened.

Why is interpretation important?

Because historians’ biases, sources, and contexts shape their conclusions.

What are primary vs. secondary sources?

Primary sources are firsthand evidence; secondary sources analyze those materials.

How has American historiography changed?

It has shifted from elite-focused narratives to including diverse perspectives.

What ideology did Jefferson promote?

Limited government, agrarianism, and individual liberty for white male citizens.

How did Southern Democratic-Republicans view federal power?

They favored states’ rights and feared centralized authority.

What economy did the Southern Democratic- Republicans support?

An agricultural economy centered on independent farmers.

How did the Southern Democratic-Republicans interpret the Constitution?

Strictly, allowing only powers explicitly stated.

What strengthened the Southern Democratic-Republicans political power?

Victories like the 1800 election and the Louisiana Purchase.

Who was Nat Turner?

An enslaved preacher who led a major rebellion in Virginia in 1831.

What did Nat Turner lead?

A violent uprising that killed about 60 white people.

How did Nat Turner’s rebellion affect slave laws?

Southern states imposed harsher restrictions on enslaved and free Black people.

What motivated Turner’s actions?

He believed he was commanded by God to strike against slavery.

How did the North react to the rebellion?

Some saw it as evidence of slavery’s brutality; others feared more violence.

What was filibustering in the 1800s?

Unauthorized military expeditions to seize foreign territory.

Who led many of the filibuster movement efforts?

Adventurers and pro-slavery expansionists.

What regions were targeted during the filibuster movement?

Latin America and the Caribbean.

How did the U.S. government respond?

Officially condemned them but often looked the other way.

Why was filibustering tied to slavery?

Many filibusters hoped to add new slave territories to the U.S.

What caused the First Seminole War?

Conflicts over runaway slaves and U.S. expansion into Spanish Florida.

What role did Andrew Jackson play?

He invaded Florida and attacked Seminole villages.

How were escaped enslaved people involved?

They found refuge among the Seminoles, fueling tensions.

Which European power controlled Florida?

Spain.

What treaty followed the conflict?

The Adams–Onís Treaty, transferring Florida to the U.S.

Why did Jefferson send Lewis and Clark west?

To explore the Louisiana purchase and find a route to the pacific

How did Sacagawea help?

As a guide, translator, and symbol of peaceful intentions.

what geographic milestone did Lewis and Clark achieve?

reaching the Pacific Ocean overland.

How did Lewis and Clark’s expedition influence expansion?

It encouraged further westward settlement and mapping.

What scientific contributions did they make?

Documented plants, animals, and Native cultures.

Who was Sojourner Truth?

An abolitionist and women’s right activist born into slavery.