PHS: Cytology

What is the cell theory?

The cell is the smallest unit of life that can maintain + perpetuate itself

What happens when a cell gets too large?

It’s volume increases faster than its surface area

Why is there a limit to how big cells can get?

Their volume increases at a faster rate than their surface area as they grow, resulting in insufficient surface area to effectively transport nutrients in and waste out, which is essential for cell survival and function

What nutrients go into a cell?

O2, glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, vitamins + minerals, H₂O

What waste products come out of a cell?

CO₂, ammonia + urea, uric acid + H₂O

What is the surface area of a cell?

4pir²

What is the volume of a cell?

4/3pir³

What are prokaryotic cells?

Cells without a nucleus

What are eukaryotic cells?

Cells with a nucleus

What does karyo- mean?

Nucleus

What are bacterial cell walls made up of?

Polysaccharides

What is the cytoplasm made up of?

Water + protein

What shape is the chromosome inside of bacterial cells?

Circular

What is the cell membrane?

A semi-permeable membrane around the cell

What does semi-permeable mean?

Allows things in + out

What is the bilayer made up of?

Phospholipids

What do all living cells need to be surrounded by?

Fluid

What is embedded in the cell membrane?

Proteins

What are enzymes?

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

What are ion channels?

Specific channels for ions that allow them to travel through

What are transporter proteins?

Transport things in and out of the cell

What are receptor site proteins?

Target for medications, hormones + neurotransmitters

What are recognition site proteins?

Allow white blood cells to identify self vs foreign

What are immunosuppressant drugs?

What are autoimmune diseases?

When white blood cells attack cells that belong in the body

What is diffusion?

Movement of a substance down the concentration gradient

What are the 4 factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

Difference in concentration, size of the molecule, lipid-soluble vs water-soluble + temperature