Photosynthesis Chapter 8.1-8.3

What is Photosynthesis?

It is the conversion of CO2 and water into glucose and oxygen, the very basic of our food

How is cellular respiration and photosynthesis related?

They are the reverse of each other and feed into one another

What are able to perform photosynthesis?

Plants, algae, cyanobacteria

What do autotrophs do and how do they help heterotrophs?

They create their own food which counts as a food source for heterotrophs

What do we need for photosynthesis?

Water, oxygen, CO2, and sunlight

Where does photosynthesis occur?

In the chloroplast

What is the cuticle of a plant cell?

They’re a part that is important for maintaining water and preventing cellular dehydration

What allows for gas exchange?

The stoma, allowing for CO2 and oxygen to diffuse both in and out of the cell

What is stoma surrounded with?

They’re surrounded by guard cells

What are guard cells?

They determine whether the stoma are closed or open

When do guard cells open?

When there is high water and less K in the cell

When do guard cells close?

When there is low water and higher K in the cell

What is the chloroplast made up of?

A double membrane (2 phospholipid bilayers)

Why is the chloroplast green?

They have a pigment called chlorophyl

What are thylakoids?

It is where photosynthesis directly takes place

What is a stack of thylakoid called?

Granum

What is stroma in the plant cell?

Its the fluid that keeps everything moving

What are the 2 components Photosynthesis is broken down into?

Light-dependent reaction and light-independent reaction

How are both components of photosynthesis connected to each other?

They feed into each other

How do pigments work?

They receive sunlight and reflect wavelengths they cant absorb

What do pigments do in photosynthesis?

They are the bucket for sunlight which are photons

What do photons do?

They excite electrons and can move them from a ground state into a higher electron orbital, which is how we transfer energy into chemical energy

What are the four parts in the light dependent reaction?

Photosystem II, cytochrome, Photosystem I, and ATP synthase

What happens in Photosystem II?

Photons are received by pigments which excite them and releases electrons and oxygen (PII)

What replaces the electrons released in photosystem II and how?

H2O is spliced which releases electrons and we take those electrons to regenerate the electrons, breaking H2O into H+ and O2 (P2)

Where are the released molecules moved to?

Into the cytochrome and H+ ions are brought from the outside to the inside while this happens

What is the next part after the cytochrome?

Photosystem I

What happens in Photosystem I?

Photons are received by pigments which excite the electrons and the releases electrons and oxygen (P1)

What regenerates the electrons released from P1?

H2O is spliced and we take those electrons to regenerate the electrons that were released, breaking H2O into H+ and O2 (P1)

Where do the electrons released by both photosystems go to?

They go to NADP reductase

What happens in NADP reductase?

NADP is reduced to NADPH caused by the electrons,

What happens after NADP reductase?

ATP synthase

What occurs in ATP synthase?

The H+ ions go through passive transport into ATP synthase and using the energy from H+ ions will create ATP

What is the final product of the light dependent reaction?

ATP and NADPH

Where does ATP and NADH go to?

into the calvin cycle (light independent reaction)

What are the 3 components in the calvin cycle?

Carbon fixation, Reduction, and Regeneration of RuBP

What happens in Carbon fixation during the calvic cycle?

Co2 is bonded with RuBP with the enzyme rubisco which becomes a 3PGA molecule

What happens in Reduction during the calvic cycle?

NADPH becomes NADP+ and we get an output of G3P which is used to make a glucose precursor

How many times does the cycle need to happen in order to create 1 glucose molecule?

3 times

What happens in the regeneration of RuBP?

RuBP is regenerated from G3P