State of Matter and Mixtures

Liquid, Gas, Solid

Three States of Matter

Interconversions

Changes in state, such as melting, freezing, boiling, condensation, evaporation, and sublimation, occur due to variations in pressure or temperature without altering the substance's chemical composition.

Melting

is when solid changes into a liquid

Boiling

When a liquid changes into a gas

Freezing

When a liquid changes into a solid

Evaporation

The change of a liquid into a gas

Condensation

The transition of a gas into a liquid, typically by cooling

Sublimation

When a solid instantly transforms into a gas

Pure Material

is made up of only one a single component or one compound

Compound

is made up of two or more different types of atoms together

Mixture

is made up of two or more distinct substances that aren't combined chemically

Crystallization

A process that is used to turn a solution into solid crystals.

Filtration

It is a process of extracting an insoluble substance from a liquid. It can be used to remove excess reactant from a solution or separate sand from a combination of sand and water.

Simple Distillation

A solvent and a solution can be separated using this distillation process. It works well for making water out of a salt solution.

Fraction Distillation

Different liquids can be extracted from a combination of liquids using this distillation process. It works well for separating various substances such as ethanol

Paper Chromatography

Mixtures of soluble materials are separated using

Stationary Phase & Mobile Phase

Chromatography is dependent upon two distinct 'phases'

Chromatogram

is the result of chromatographic separation.

Rf Values

If unknown chemicals can be compared to a variety of reference materials, they can be identified using

Purifying Freshwater

To make fresh water drinkable, sediments must be removed. These consist of big things like leaves and branches, as well as insoluble particles like dirt and dangerous microbes.

Purifying Seawater

Seawater is unfit for human consumption due to its high concentration of dissolved salt. However, seawater can be used to create pure water by elementary distillation.

Gases

They have the highest relative energy

Solid particles

They have the lowest relative energy

Liquid particles

Their relative energy falls in the middle