Exam 5 WVU Psych 101

Anxiety

Ex. Nervous to tell your parents when you get in trouble.

Adaptive vs. Maladaptive: Adaptive is when you have enough anxiety to study and maladaptive is when its too much

Anxiety disorder

Anxiety that begins to interfere with an individuals life in a significant way.

Generalized Aniexty Disorder Definition

Excessive worry about everyday things. Ex. Piglet

GAD Symptoms

Excessive worry, muscle tension, fatigue, agitation/restlessness, sleep difficulties, 6+ months

GAD Risk Factors

Increased sensitivity toward possible threats, early life stressors.

GAD Prevalence

5.7% lifetime prevalence

Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Definition

A condition marked by regular panic attacks and significant levels of worry about future attacks

PD and Agoraphobia symptoms

Unexpected panic attacks, intense anxiety and avoidance related to the attack for a month

Panic Attack

Experience an alarm or "fight or flight" reaction for no apparent reason

Agoraphobia Internal bodily/Somatic cues

Physical sensations that serve as triggers for anxiety

Agoraphobia External Cues

External stimuli that serves as triggers for anxiety

Agoraphobia Prevalence

4.7% lifetime prevalence

Specific Phobia Definition

Irrational fear of objects or situation

SP Symptoms

Most interfere with/ the persons ability to function

Subtypes of specific phobia

Blood - injury injection type

Situational type

Natural Environment type

Animal Type

Other

SP Heritability

Blood - injection injury phobia run in families more strongly than any other phobic disorder

SP Comorbidity

Most people who suffer from specific phobia have multiple phobias of several types

Specific Prevalence

12.5% lifetime prevalence, one of the most common disorders

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social phobia) definition

A condition marked by acute fear of social situations

SAD Symptoms

Anxiety with social situations that leads to a person avoiding entirely

SAD Example

Being bullied (92% of adults with SAD experienced teasing)

PTSD Definition

A sense of intense fear, triggered by memories of a past traumatic event, that another traumatic event might occur

PTSD Symptoms

Re-experiencing: Flashbacks, nightmares, thoughts.

Avoidance: Places, feelings

Hyperarousal: Exaggerated startle reflex, "on edge". difficulty sleeping

PTSD Risk factors

Predisposition toward viewing the world as uncontrollable and impredicatable

Prevalence

7.8% lifetime prevalence

Obsessive-compulsive disorder definition

The desire to engage in certain behaviors excessively or compulsively in hopes of reducing anxiety

OCD Obsessions

Unwanted and repeated thoughts, ideas, and feelings

OCD Compulsions

Behaviors that the individual feels driven to engage in, often to get rid of their obsessive thoughts

Thought-action fusions

The tendency to overestimate the relationship between thought and action

OCD Symptoms

Experiencing obsessive thoughts/compulsions

OCD Example

Intrusive thought

Major Depressive Episode Duration

Most of the day everyday. 2 weeks +

MDE Smyptoms

Depressive mood, insomnia, diminished interest in activities, weight loss

Bipolar 1 Disorder Symptoms

Single maniac episode, no depressive episode required

Bipolar 2 Disorder Symptoms

Depression, Hypomania

Cyclothymic disorder symptoms

No major depressive episode, no more than 2 months.

Symptoms 50% of the time

Major Depressive Disorder prevalence rate

16.6% lifetime

MDD Age of Onset

Mid-20s

Demographics

Gender: Female

Socioeconomic status: Low status

Ethnicity: European American

Persistent Depressive Disorder prevalence

.5% (12 month)

Social Zeitgeber theory

Stressors that disrupt sleep/daily routines can trigger episode relapse

Schizophrenia

A split between thoughts, emotions and behaviors

Delusions

False beliefs that are often fixed, hard to change in the presence of conflicting informations, and often culturally influenced

Persecutory delusions

Beliefs that individuals are trying to harm, hurt, or plot against them. Ex. FBI setting up cameras in their house

Grandiose delusions

Belief that one has some special power or ability. Ex. I am the new Buddha

Referential delusions

Beliefs that events or objects in the environment have special meaning for them. Ex. Song on the ratio was played specifcally for them

Thought insertion

Belief that someone is controlling their thoughts and actions, they are being broadcast aloud, or that others can read their mind

Hallucinations

Perceptual experience that occurs when there is no stimulus in the environment generating the experiences

Auditory hallucinations

False perception of sound, noises or voices. Ex. Hearing someone say "you should kill yourself"

Visual hallucinations

Seeing stimuli in the environment that are not actually there. Ex. Seeing animals in our classroom

Olfactory hallucinations

False perception of odor or smell. Ex. Smelling burning rubber

Gustatory hallucinations

False perception or sensation of touch or something happening in or on the body. Ex. Something crawling under your skin

Ventral Striatum

Delusions may be associated with problems in "salience" detected mechanisms

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Associated with problems with working memory and cognitive control

Hippocampus

Associated with episodic memory problems

Schizophrenia negative symptoms

Anhedonia/Amotivation: Lack of interest in or drive to engage in social recreational activities

Flat affect: Lack of showing emotions through facial expressions, gestures, and speech

Reduced speech: Reduced amount of speech and increased pause frequency and duration

Schizophrenia treatment

Typical Antipsychotics; Fuction - Block D2 dopamine receptors.

Pros: Reduces hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech

Cons: Distressing motor side effects

Schizophrenia treatment

Atypical Antipsychotics; Function - Influence D2 receptors

Pros: Reduce hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech; fewer motor side effects

Cons: Associated with weight gain and increrases risk for cardiovascular illness, type 2 diabetes

Personality

A persons characteristics, manner of thinking, feeling, behaving, and relating to others

Emotions

Feelings that have both physiological and cognitive elements and influence behavior

Physiological elements

The activation of the autonomic (sympathetic) nervous system.

Ex. Increase in heart rate, respiration, widening of pupils, etc. When being surprised at a surprise party/when being chased by a dog

Cognitive elements

Thoughts and evaluations of the situation.

Ex. Evaluation of the event as positive/negative that helps determine their emotional response.

Party -> positive. Getting chased by dog -> negative

Intrapersonal functions of emotions (within us)

Preparing us for action: your emotions prepare the body for action, fight vs. flight, emotions are telling your body how to react

Influence thought

Basis for attitudes, values, and beliefs, provide meaning to these thoughts, influence our thinking in helpful and unhelpful ways, facilitating or distracting concentration

Motivate future behavior

Strive for good-feeling emotions and avoid negative - feeling emotions. emotions provide motivation for what we will do in the future

Facial cues

Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise

Interpersonal functions of emotions (helps us w/ others)

Emotion expressions facilitate specific behavior in others when they see your facial cues

Provide incentives for desired social behavior

Looking to others to understand how to react. -> social referencing

Social and cultural function of emotion (w/ in society)

Culture: The way you interact with others similar to your demographic

Worldviews

Others have emotions that are different in their cultural background

Cultural display rules

Consequences received by inappropriately expressing your emotions in public

Universalists

Believe all humans experience emotions similarly.

Why? Evolved from time of prehistoric ancestors

Constructivists

Emotions are culturally variable

Why? Humans evolved to adapt to their distrinctive environments

Ekmans studies. Facial Coding System

Procedure: identified facial cues associated w/ emotions. showed photos of people to different cultures and asked them to match facial expressions w/ emotional word

FCD Findings

Participants correctly identified the emotional facial expressions across cultures, variability across cultures in recognition rates due to display rules

FCD Conclusion

The finding suggest both similarities and differences in the recognition of emotional expressions

Historical definition of mental illness

Depends on context. Abnormal behavior: deviation from sociocultural norms and expectations

Cultural relativist view of if abnormal behavior

Cultural norms and values of a society can only be understood in their own context

Etiologies of mental illness

Cause(s) of a disease or condition.

1. Supernatural - spirits, god, witchcraft

2. Somatogenic - physical causes, like physical trauma or genetics

3. Psychogenic - personal experiences, maladaptive thinking disease

Why is trephination used

Drilling a hole in your skull to release enl spirits and cure mental illness

Biopsychosocial modal

Interaction of biological, psychological and social factors