General Biology 2 - Plants and animal cells

(01-20-2026)

Plants

are living organisms that belong to the kingdom - - - - .

Plantae

are living organisms that belong to the kingdom _____.

Autotrophic

Plants make their own food using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.

Contains Chlorophyll

Gives plants their green color and helps in photosynthesis.

Multicellular

Made up of many cells.

Have Cell walls

Provides support and protection

Non-motile

Cannot move from place to place.

Grow and develop

Increase in size and maturity over time.

Reproduce

Through seeds, spores, or vegetative reproduction.

Respond to Stimuli

React to light, water, and gravity.

Roots, Stem, Leaves, Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds

(6) Main parts of the plant:

Roots

Absorb water and minerals; anchor the plant

Stem

Supports the plant; transports water and food

Leaves

Make food through photosynthesis

Flowers

Reproductive part of the plant

Fruits

Protect and help spread seeds

Seeds

Grow into new plants

Herbs, shrubs, trees, climbers, and creepers

5 basic types of plants:

Herbs

Small plants with soft stems (e.g., basil, spinach)

Shrubs

Medium-sized plants with woody stems (e.g., rose, hibiscus)

Trees

Tall plants with strong woody trunks (e.g., mango, coconut)

Climbers

Plants that need support to grow (e.g., grapevine)

Creepers

Plants that spread along the ground (e.g., watermelon)

Plant cell

The basic structural and functional unit of plants. •The basic unit of life in plants.

Cell wall

Provides shape, support, and protection

Cell membrane

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

cytoplasm

Holds cell parts and allows movement inside the cell

nucleus

Control cell activities

Chloroplast

Contains chlorophyll; site of photosynthesis

Vacuole

Stores water, food, and waste; keeps the cell firm

Mitochondria

Produces energy for the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Transports materials inside the cell

Ribosomes

Make proteins

Eukaryotic

Have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Rigid cell wall

Provides structural support, unlike animal cells.

Photosynthetic Ability

: Chloroplasts allow plants to make their own food.

Large Vacuole

: Maintains shape and stores water/nutrients

Plasmodesmata

: Channels between cells for communication and transport.

Root cells

absorb water and minerals

Stem cells

These cells provide support and transport materials

Leaf cells

these cells contain many chloroplasts for photosynthesis

Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight = Glucose + oxygen

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast. Equation:

Golgi Apparatus

Packages and distributes proteins