Living Earth Final

Describe the steps of the scientific method

Claim, Evidence, Reasoning

A scientist experiments and wants to know how different temperatures affect the amount of water that evaporates from a swimming pool. What are the independent and dependent variables?

dependent variable: amount of water evaporated; independent variable: temperature

What are the independent and dependent variables?

Independent: Time, Dependent: temp

What is a control in an experiment and why isit important to have?

A control is an element that remains unchanged or unaffected by other variables. It important so we could see if theres a change and not just out of nowhere.

What is a bar graph, scatter plot, line graph?

Bar graph: used to compare amounts between different groups or categories. Scatter plot: Showing how date changes over time, looking at the rate of something. line graph: Used to show a trend between 2 variables.

What is matter? give an example

Matter is anything that takes up space. Ex: air

What is the difference between an element and a molecule?

Molecule: a group of atoms bonded together, whereas an element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances.

What are the 4 most abundant elements found in living earth?

oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen

Acid has a pH less than __ and a base has pH greater than __

7,7

The reactants and products are found on which side of the arrows?

Reactants are found on the left and products are found on the right

What is a monomer?

A monomer is a small and simple molecule

What is a polymer?

A polymer is a chain of monomers

What are the 4 macromolecules of life?

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes/nucleic acids

Another name for a macromolecule of life is ?

An organic compound

All macromolecules of life are composed of what three elements?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Carbohydrates are a long chain of?

Polysaccharides

Examples of carbohydrates in foods

Bread, grain, fruits

What do carbohydrates for our body?

Our body’s main source of short term energy

Proteins are a long chain of? and could be called?

amino acids, polypeptides

Examples of proteins

Beef, eggs, salmon

What do proteins do for the body?

Responsible for almost all of an organism’s day to day functions

What is an enzyme?

A type of protein, it allows certain reaction in the body to happen.

What different forms do lipids come in?

Fats and oils

Lipids are hydrophobic, what does that mean?

Water avoiding molecule

What do lipids do for the body?

Long term energy storage molecule

Nucleic acids are long chain of?

macromolecules

Why are nucleic acids important to the body?

Where genetic important of an organism is stored

Example of nucleic acid

DNA

What is the monomer of DNA called? What are the parts 1,2,3 called?

Nucleotides. 1= Phosphate 2=Base 3= Pentose

The primary function of DNA in cells is to?

store information that tells the cells which proteins to make

The two molecules of DNA that are made after DNA replication are?

each with one new strand and one original strand

According to the base-paring rules, guanine (G) binds with?

cytosine (C)

A long chain of amino acids make?

Proteins

How many base pairs (letters) make up the code for 1 amino acid, how many base pairs are in one condon?

3

A section of one DNA strand has the sequence ACC GAG GTT. What is the sequence of the strand it binds to?

TGG CTC CAA

Who discovered the structure of DNA

Watson and Crick

What is the shape of DNA?

Double Helix

Where in the cell is DNA stored?

Nucleus

Why would DNA need to replicate?

Growth, Repair, Reproduction

What is mutation?

A change in the sequence of DNA. Can happen in DNA replication or protein synthesis. Has no effect

Describe the process of DNA replication

DNA replication involves helicase unwinding the DNA, followed by DNA polymerase synthesizing new strands complementary to the original template.

Describe what a codon is

Is a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides

How many different amino acids are there?

20

Given the following DNA strand: TAC GTA TGC CGT ATG GGC ATT. What is the complementary DNA strand?

ATG CAT ACG GCA TAC CCG TAA

What is lactose and what is lactase, how do they relate to lactose intolerance?

Lactose is a sugar in milk, that is broken down by the enzyme, lactase. Lactose intolerance is reduced ability to digest milk sugars, due to insufficient amount of the gut enzyme.

How old is the Earth?

4.6 billion years old

The part of the Earth that we live on is called the?

Crust

What element made life possible on Earth?

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

Define Earth’s 4 Systems. Hydrosphere, Biosphere, Atmosphere, Geosphere.

Hydrosphere= water, Biosphere=life, atmosphere= air, geosphere= land.

What are the different parts of the water cycle on the diagram?

1. Sun, 2. Condensation, 3. Evaporation, 4. Precipitation, 5. Ocean.

What is called when water evaporates from the leaves of trees?

Transpiration

All ___ thing contain carbon

living

The chemical equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H20 = sunlight → 6O2+ glucose

The chemical equation for cellular respiration?

6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Where in the plant cell does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplast

Where in the animal cell does cellular respiration occur?

Mitochondria

A process that requires oxygen is called? A process that does not require oxygen is called?

Requires oxygen is aerobic, Doesn’t require oxygen is anaerobic.

What is alcohol fermentation? What is the equation? Give an example.

Sugars are converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide by yeast or bacteria. Sugar + Fermentation → Sugar + ethanol. Ex.wine, beer, bread.

What is lactic acid? What is the equation? Give an example.

Anaerobic respiration breaks down sugars to produce energy in the form of ATP. glucose → Ethanol + carbon dioxide. Ex. kimchi, sourdough, yogurt.

What percentage of the Earth is covered in water?

71%