Kinesiology: Kinematics and Kinetics Introduction

Chapters 1 and 2 of Brunnstrom

Biomechanics

the application of the principles of mechanics to the living human body

Kinesiology

combination of art and sciences involving the study of human movement

Kinetics

Concentrates on the forces that produce or resist the movement

Kinematics

Deals with types of motion or movement without regard to the forces

Osteokinematics

Focuses on the movements of the bony partners or segments that make up a joint

Arthrokinematics

Focuses specifically on the minute movements occurring in the joint surface

Frontal plane or Coronal plane

A cardinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

XY plane

The frontal plane is also known as ____

Z Axis

The frontal plane rotates around the ____ and is perpendicular to it

Frontal plane

Identify the plane of these movements:
-

• Adduction and abduction

• Ulnar and radial deviation

• Lateral flexion or bending

Sagittal plane

A cardinal plane that divides the body into left and ride sides

YZ plane

The sagittal plane is also known as the _____

X Axis

The sagittal plane rotates around the _____ and is perpendicular to it

Sagittal plane

Identify the plane of these movement:

• extension and flexion

• dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Horizontal plane or Transverse plane

A cardinal plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts

XZ plane

The horizontal plane is also known as the _____

Y Axis

The horizontal plane rotates around the _____ and is perpendicular to it

Horizontal plane

Identify the plane of these movements:

• Medial and lateral rotation

• Pronation and supination

• Eversion and inversion

Translatory Motion

Also called linear motion. This motion occurs along or parallel to an axis. All points of the moving object travel the same distance, direction, and velocity, and time.

Rotary Motion

Also called angular motion. This motion occurs in a circle around an axis or pivot point. This means that every point on the objected attached to the axis follows the arc of a circle

Axis of Rotation

This is where rotary motions take place which is the pivot point

Degrees of Freedom

The number of planes within which a joint moves

Uniaxial

Joints that move in one plane around one axis have one degree of freedom

plane, hinge, pivot joints

These types of joints are uniaxial

Biaxial

Joints that move around two axes, the segments moves in two planes, and the joint has two degrees of freedom

condyloid, ellipsoidal, saddle joints

These types of joints are biaxial

Triaxial

Joints that move around three main axes, all of which pass through the joint’s center of rotation

Ball-and-socket joint

This type of joint is triaxial

Goniometry

A valuable clinical measurement used to define the quantity of joint motion

Goniometer

A tool that looks like a protractor with two arms hinged at a fulcrum or axis. It measures the body joint’s range of motion in each plane of movement.

End feel

Resistance to further motion is palpated when a normal joint is moved passively to the end of its range of motion. This resistance is normally dictated by the joint’s structure

Hard end feel

A bony kind of end feel is felt when motion is stopped by contact of bone on bone

Soft end feel

Felt at the end of an available range of motion when soft tissues approximate each other, such as muscle to muscle.

Firm end feel

A capsular end feel is one in which the limitation feels springy because it occurs from the resistance encountered from the capsular, or ligamentous structures.

Pathologic end feel

An end feel that is not characteristic of the joint

Empty end feel

A pathologic type denoting pain on motion but absence of resistance. This happens when a joint lacks normal soft tissue stability and a supporting structure is not intact

Kinematic Chains

A combination of several joints uniting successive segments. Movement occurs when a combination of multiple joints work cooperatively to produce the desired outcome

Open Kinematic Chain (OKC)

The distal segment of the chain moves in space

Closed Kinematic Chain (CKC)

The distal segment of the chain is fixed and the proximal parts move

Synarthrodial Joints

• Structure: Fibrous

• Function: Stability, shock absorption, force transmission

• Motion: Very slight

Amphiarthrodial Joints

• Structure: Cartilaginous

• Function: Stability with specific and limited mobility

• Motion: Limited

Diarthrodial Joints

• Structure: Synovial with ligaments

• Function: Mobility

• Motion: Free according to degrees of freedom

Nonaxial Joints

• Structure: Irregular plane surfaces

• Function: Contributory motion

• Motion: Gliding

Uniaxial Hinge Joints

• Structure: Hinge

• Function: Motion in sagittal plane

• Motion: flexion, extension

Uniaxial Pivot Joints

• Structure: Pivot trochoid

• Function: Motion in transverse plane

• Motion: Supination, pronation, inversion, eversion

Biaxial Condyloid Joints

• Structure: Generally spherical convex surface paired with a shallow concave surface

• Function: Motion in sagittal and frontal planes

• Motion: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

Biaxial Ellipsoidal Joints

• Structure: Somewhat flattened convex surface paired with a fairly deep concave surface

• Function: Motion in sagittal and frontal planes

• Motion: Flexion, extension, radial and ulnar deviation

Biaxial Saddle Joints

• Structure: Each partner has a concave and convex surface oriented perpendicular to each other; like a rider in a saddle

• Function: Motion in sagittal and frontal planes with some motion in transverse plane

• Motion: Flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, opposition of thumb

Triaxial Ball-and-socket Joints

• Structure: A spherical type “ball” paired with a concave cup

• Function: Motion in all three planes

• Motion: Flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, rotation

Shoulder

• flexion 0° to 180° (150° to 180°)

• extension 0° hyperextension 0° to 45° (40° to 60°)

• abduction 0° to 180° (150° to 180°)

• medial rotation 0° to 90° (70° to 90°)

• lateral rotation 0° to 90° (80° to 90°)

Elbow

• flexion 0° to 145° (120° to 160°)

• extension 0°

Forearm

• supination 0° to 90° (80° to 90°)

• pronation 0° to 80° (70° to 80°)

Wrist

• neutral when the midline between flexion and extension is 0° and when forearm and third metacarpal are in line

• flexion 0° to 90° (75° to 90°)

• extension 0° to 70° (65° to 70°)

• radial deviation/abduction 0° to 20° (15° to 25°)

• ulnar deviation/adduction 0° to 30° (25° to 40°

Fingers

• MCP flexion 0° to 90° (85° to 100°)

• MCP hyperextension 0° to 20° (0° to 45°)

• MCP abduction 0° to 20°

• MCP adduction 0°

• PIP flexion 0° to 120° (90° to 120°)

• DIP flexion 0° to 90° (80° to 90°)

• IP extension 0°

Thumb

• MCP flexion 0° to 45° (40° to 90°)

• MCP abduction and adduction (NEGLIGIBLE)

• IP flexion 0° to 90° (80° to 90°)

Hip

• flexion 0° to 120° (110° to 125°)

• hyperextension 0° to 10° (0° to 30°)

• abduction 0° to 45° (40° to 55°)

• adduction 0° (30° to 40° across midline)

• lateral rotation 0° to 45° (40° to 50°)

• medial rotation 0° to 35° (30° to 45°)

Knee

• flexion 0° to 120° (120° to 160°)

• extension 0°

Ankle/Foot

• neutral with foot at a right angle to the leg and knee flexed

• plantarflexion 0° to 45° (40° to 50°)

• dorsiflexion 0° to 15° (10° to 20°)

• inversion and eversion

Toes

• MTP flexion 0° to 40° (30° to 45°)

• MTP hyperextension 0° to 80° (50° to 90°)

• MTP abduction (slight)

• IP flexion 0° to 60° (50° to 80°)

• IP extension 0°

Rolling

A rotary or angular motion in which each subsequent point on one surface contacts a new point on another surface

Sliding

A translatory or linear motion in which the movement of one joint surface is parallel to the plane of the adjoining joint surface

Spinning

A rotary or angular motion in which one point of contact on each surface remains in constant contact with a fixed location on another surface

Accessory movement

Small arthrokinematic motions

Rolling, sliding, spinning

The order of arthrokinematic motion

Convex-Concave principle

If the join with the convex surface moves on the bone with the concave surface, the joint with the convex surface slides towards the opposite direction of the bone’s segment rolling motion

Concave-Convex principle

If the bone with the concave surface moves on the convex surface, the concave articular surface slides in the same direction as the bone’s roll does

Closed-Packed Joint Position

A position in where the joint perfectly matches

Open-Packed Joint Position

Or loose-packed position, this is a position in which the joint surface do not fit perfectly

Hypomobile

Limited mobility of a joint because of pain in the soft tissues

Hypermobile

The ligament no longer provides motion control

Gravity, Muscles (Internal forces), External, Friction

The four forces that are regarded in Kinematics

Type of Motion, Location, Magnitude, Direction, Range of Motion/Change

The determinants of motion

Translatory, Rotary motion

The types of motion

Planes, Axes

Locations of motion

Distance, displacement

The magnitude of motion

The three axes (X, Y, Z)

The directions of motion

Velocity, Acceleration

The rate of motion and change of motion

Newtons

The term for force in the metric system. 9.8 _____ is = 1 kgf

Moment

The result of force acting at a distance from the point of motion, or the axis

M = d x F

Equation of moment

Moment arm

the perpendicular distance from the force vector to the joint’s axis of motion. AKA Force arm

Lever arm

the perpendicular distance from the force vector to the center of motion. AKA Resistance arm

Direct

The relationship between the length of lever or resistance arm is ______ to the load or force enacted on the fulcrum

v = d/t

Equation for velocity

a = F/m

Equation for acceleration

Vector forces

Forces applied by or to the body have both magnitude and direction

Lever

A rigid bar that rotates around an axis or fulcrum

First-class lever

The force arm and resistance arm are equal. The weight on one side must be offset by a resistance or weight on the other side to stabilize. The mechanical advantage is equal to 1

Second-class lever

The force arm is longer than the resistance arm. This provides a force advantage so large weights can be supported by a smaller force. These types of levers are strength types in the body. The mechanical advantage is greater than 1

Third-class levers

The resistance arm is longer than the force arm. This is designed to produce the speed of the distal segment in the human body. It is the most common type of lever in the human body. The mechanical advantage is less than 1

Mechanical Advantage

_____ is equal to the Force Arm Length over the Resistance Arm Length

T = F x d⊥

Equation for torque

Head

Body segment weight: 10.3 lb (6.9% of the body weight)

Head

Center of Gravity: In sphenoid sinus, 4 mm beyond anterior inferior margin of sella. (On lateral surface, over temporal fossa on or near nasion-inion line.)

Head and Neck

Body segment weight: 11.8 lb (7.9% of the body weight)

Head and Neck

Center of Gravity: On inferior surface of basioccipital bone or within bone 23 ± 5 mm from crest of dorsum sellae. (On lateral surface, 10 mm anterior to supratragal notch above head of mandible.)

Head, Neck, and Trunk

Body segment weight: 88.5 lb (59.0% of the body weight)

Head, Neck, and Trunk

Center of Gravity: Anterior to 11th thoracic vertebra

Arm

Body segment weight: 4.1 lb (2.7% of body weight)