AP ch 8 The Appendicular Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the limbs and the girdles connecting them to the trunk.

Pectoral Girdle

The structure formed by the two clavicles and two scapulae, connecting the arms to the trunk.

Clavicle

An S-shaped bone that connects the arm to the trunk and articulates with the sternum and scapula.

Scapula

A triangular bone that forms the shoulder blade, allowing for arm movement and muscle attachment.

Articulation

The point where two bones meet to form a joint.

Glenoid Cavity

The shallow cavity in the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus.

Coracoid Process

A small, hook-like projection on the scapula for muscle attachment.

Acromion Process

A bony process on the scapula that articulates with the clavicle.

Subscapular Fossa

A concave depression on the anterior surface of the scapula.

Humerus

The bone of the upper arm that articulates with the scapula at the shoulder.

Greater Tubercle

A large projection on the humerus, serving as a muscle attachment site.

Lesser Tubercle

A smaller projection on the humerus, separated from the greater tubercle by the intertubercular groove.

Anatomical Neck

The area of the humerus just below the head.

Surgical Neck

A narrower region of the humerus where fractures commonly occur.

Deltoid Tuberosity

A rough elevation on the humerus that serves as an attachment point for the deltoid muscle.

Epicondyle

Bony protrusions located above the condyles of the humerus for muscle attachment.

Trochlea

The spool-shaped portion of the humerus that articulates with the ulna.

Capitulum

The rounded lateral surface of the condyle of the humerus that articulates with the radius.

Ulna

The larger, medial bone of the forearm that articulates with the humerus.

Radius

The lateral bone of the forearm, located parallel to the ulna.

Trochlear Notch

The notch in the ulna that articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.

Olecranon

The superior end of the ulna, forming the elbow's point.

Carpal Bones

Eight bones that form the wrist.

Metacarpal Bones

Five bones that form the framework of the palm in the hand.

Phalanges

The bones of the fingers and toes, with the thumb and big toe having two and the others having three.

Ossa Coxae

Also known as hip bones; formed by the fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Pubic Symphysis

The joint where the medial surfaces of the hip bones are connected by fibrocartilage.

Acetabulum

The deep socket in the hip bone that articulates with the head of the femur.

Ilium

The superior portion of the os coxae.

Ischium

The bone forming the lower part of the hip bone.

Pubis

The anterior portion of the hip bone.

Sciatic Nerve

A major nerve that passes through the ischial notch to the lower limb.

Ischial Tuberosity

A roughened projection on the ischium that bears the body's weight when seated.

Obturator Foramen

An opening in the hip bone closed by a sheet of collagen fibers, allowing for muscle attachment.

Pelvic Outlet

The lower opening of the pelvis through which a newborn passes during childbirth.

Pelvic Inlet

The upper opening of the pelvis, which is wider in females for childbirth.

Femus

The longest and heaviest bone in the body, located in the thigh.

Trochanters

Large bony projections on the femur for major muscle attachments.

Linea Aspera

A prominent elevation on the femur that serves as a muscle attachment site.

Condyles

Rounded projections at the distal end of the femur that articulate with the tibia.

Patella

The kneecap, a sesamoid bone that protects the knee joint.

Tibia

The larger, weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.

Tibial Tuberosity

The prominent part of the tibia where the patellar ligament attaches.

Fibula

A slender bone of the lower leg, parallel to the tibia.

Lateral Malleolus

The distal end of the fibula that provides stability to the ankle.

Pott's Fracture

A fracture of the ankle involving both the lateral malleolus and medial malleolus.

Tarsal Bones

Seven bones that make up the ankle.

Talus

The tarsal bone that transmits the weight of the body from the tibia.

Calcaneus

The largest tarsal bone, also known as the heel bone.

Cuboid Bone

A tarsal bone that articulates with the calcaneus.

Navicular Bone

A tarsal bone located anterior to the talus.

Cuneiform Bones

Three tarsal bones named medial, intermediate, and lateral based on their position.

Metatarsal Bones

The five bones forming the foot's distal portion.

Phalanges of the Foot

The bones of the toes, with the hallux having two and others having three.

Skeletal Muscle

Muscle that supports and positions the bones of the appendicular skeleton.

Foramina

Holes in bones that allow for the passage of nerves and blood vessels.

Sulci

Grooves in bones that accommodate the passage of blood vessels or nerves.

Fracture

A break in a bone.

Muscle Attachment Sites

Ridges, holes, and depressions in bones where muscles connect.

Articular Surface

The smooth area of a bone that interacts with another bone.

Depression

A concave area on a bone's surface.

Long Bone

A bone longer than it is wide, such as the femur and humerus.

Short Bone

A bone approximately as long as it is wide, such as the carpal bones.

Flat Bone

A bone that is thin and flat, like the scapula.

Irregular Bone

A bone with complex shapes, such as vertebrae.

Sesamoid Bone

A bone that forms within a tendon, such as the patella.

Joint Stability

The ability of a joint to maintain its position and resist dislocation.

Mobility

The ability to move freely; refers to the shoulder's range of motion.

Muscle Pull

The force exerted by muscles on bones at their attachment sites.

Ligament

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones.

Tendon

A fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.

Glenoid Labrum

A fibrocartilaginous ring that deepens the glenoid cavity.

Shoulder Joint

The joint formed between the humerus and the scapula.

Weight-Bearing Bone

A bone that supports the weight of the body during standing or movement.

Adjustment of Bone Structure

Changes in bone density or shape in response to stress or strain.

Bone Remodeling

The process of replacing old bone tissue with new bone tissue.

Knee Joint

The joint between the femur and tibia, allowing for movement of the leg.

Ankle Joint

The joint that connects the foot to the lower leg, allowing for foot movement.

Cartilage

A smooth, flexible tissue that covers the ends of bones at joints.

Fibrocartilage

A tough cartilage that provides support and absorbs shock in joints.

Synovial Fluid

Fluid that lubricates synovial joints to reduce friction.

Bursae

Fluid-filled sacs that cushion joints.

Interosseous Membrane

A connective tissue sheet that connects the ulna and radius.

Critical Grounding

The anatomical positioning of bones necessary for stability during movement.

Major Nerve Passage

Important nerves that travel through and along the skeletal system.

Ligament Attachment Points

Specified areas of bones where ligaments connect for stability.

Surface Anatomy

The study of the external structure of bones and joints.

Development of Bones

The biological growth and formation of bone tissue.

Fetal Skeleton Development

The process by which the skeleton forms in a fetus.

Adult Bone Density

The measure of bone mass in adults, which can affect mobility.

Joint Type Classification

The categorization of joints based on their movement capabilities.

Kinematic Chain

A series of segments connected by joints to facilitate movement.

Upper Limb Proximal Bones

The major bones in the upper limb, including the humerus and scapula.

Lower Limb Proximal Bones

The significant bones in the lower limb, including the femur and pelvic girdle.