Evie De Steffen - Chapter 13: Gastroenterology

What is the alimentary canal?

digestive system

What are the two types of glands of the body?

endocrine and exocrine

Endocrine glands

secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Exocrine glands

secrete hormones into ducts (tubes in the body)

What are the accessory glands of the digestive system?

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

What is special about the pancreas?

it’s the only organ that is both exocrine and endocrine

Ingestion

process of taking in substances (food, drink, medecine) into the body by swallowing or absorbing them

Digestion

biological process of breaking down food into smaller, soluble components

Absorption

process where broken-down nutrients (sugars, fats, vitamins) pass from the small intestine into the bloodstream to be used by the body for energy

Egestion

defecation (“poop”); final step of the digestive system where the body removes undigested, solid waste

What are food residues?

cellulose

What are the four major types of organic compounds?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What are the divisions of the alimentary canal?

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), anus

What is fauces?

hole in the back of mouth

What is the superior labial frenulum?

connects the upper lip to the center of the gum tissue above the front teeth; “bridle”

What is the inferior labial frenulum?

connects the inner surface of the lower lip to the lower gum, located in the oral midline

What are the three parts of the tooth?

crown, neck, root

What is enamel?

covers the crown of the tooth

What are the two parts of the crown?

anatomical and clinical

Anatomical crown

superior portion of the tooth that is covered by enamel

Clinical crown

portion of the anatomical crown visible above the gingiva (gums)

What is a root canal?

infection of pulp cavity

What is the occlusal surface of the crown?

portion of the crown that contacts opposing teeth

What are cusps?

elevations present on the occlusal surface of the crown

Incisors

chisel-shaped teeth used for biting; crown is chisel-shaped and the is 1 root

Canines (cuspids)

pointed teeth used for tearing; crown has 1 cusp and there is 1 root

Premolars (bicuspids)

broad teeth used for grinding; crown has 2 cusps and there are 1 or 2 roots

Molars (multi cuspids)

broad teeth used for grinding and crushing; crown has 3-5 cusps and there are 2 or 3 roots

What are deciduous teeth?

baby (milk) teeth

When do baby teeth come in?

6 months after birth

How many total baby teeth are there?

20 teeth; 8 incisors, 4 canine, 0 premolars, 8 molars

When do baby teeth fall out?

begin at 6 years old

How many total adult teeth?

32 teeth; 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars, 12 molars

What material are the teeth made up of?

enamel, dentin, cementum

What is the pulp cavity?

consists of highly vascularized loose connective tissue, containing many sensory nerve fibers (responsible for pain)

What are dental caries?

“cavity”; gum inflammation

What is gingivitis?

earliest and mildest stage of gum disease characterized by inflammation, redness, and swelling of the gums

What is pyorrhea?

periodontitis; infection of the tooth socket (alveolar socket)

What is an impacted wisdom tooth?

wisdom tooth comes in at an angle