Organic Chemistry Final - Functional Groups

Bromine + CCl4

Tests for:

(+) test:

(-) test:

alkenes

colorless

brown color

Flame Test

Tests for:

(+) test:

(-) test:

aromatics

black sooty smoke

no sooty smoke

**rapid combustion (high O2), sparking (high N or NO2), yellow flame (aromatic, unsat. high MW aliphatic), clear-bluish flame (O2 rich)

Beilstein Test (copper wire + flame)

Tests for:

(+) test:

(-) test:

Alkyl/Aryl Halides

green color (Cl, Br, I)

no color

**F not detected!!

Silver Nitrate Test

Tests for:

(+) test:

(-) test:

**Colors

Alkyl/Aryl Halides

precip (benzylic, allylic, tertiary alkyl halides)

precip w heat (primary, secondary alkyl halides)

no precip (aryl, alkenyl halides)

COLOR

white - Cl

pale yellow - Br

yellow - I

**F not detected, false positive = COOH (dissolves w nitric acid)

Chromic Acid Test

Tests for:

(+) test:

(-) test:

alcohols

blue/green color in 2 sec (1,2 alcohols)

orange color (3 alcohols)

Lucas Test

Tests for:

(+) test:

(-) test:

alcohols

precip in 2 min (benzylic, allylic, 3 alcohol)

precip in 10+ min (2 alcohol)

no precip (1 alcohol)

Ferric Chloride Test

Tests for:

(+) test:

(-) test:

phenols

intense red, blue, purple, green color

no intense color

**false neg (steric hindered phenol)

**false pos (ester and 1,3 dicarbonyl)

Bromine-Water Test

Tests for:

(+) test:

(-) test:

phenols

colorless (ring brominated) + pink pH strip (HBr)

yellowish color

**positive for aromatic ethers and beta-dicarbonyl compounds

DNP Test

Tests for:

(+) test:

(-) test:

**COLOR

Aldehydes + Ketones

precip formation

no precip

yellow - not conjugated

orange/red - conjugated

Chromic Acid Test (NOT ALCOHOL)

Tests for:

(+) test:

(-) test:

Aldehydes + Ketones

blue/green color (aldehyde)

no color change (ketone)

**positive for 1,2 alcohols

Tollens Test

Tests for:

(+) test:

(-) test:

aldehydes + ketones

silver mirror/black ppt (aldehyde)

no change (ketone)

Iodoform Test

Tests for:

(+) test:

(-) test:

Aldehydes + ketones

pale yellow ppt - methyl ketone

**pos for ethanol + acetaldehyde

Sodium Bicarbonate

Tests for:

(+) test:

(-) test:

COOH

bubbles (COOH + phenols)

no bubbles

Hinsberg Test

Tests for:

(+) test:

(-) test:

amines

precip from acidified fraction B (1 amine)

insol in NaOH + fraction A insol in HCl (2 amine)

insol NaOH + sol HCl (3 amine)

Hydroxylamine/Ferric Chloride Test

Tests for:

(+) test:

(-) test:

esters

deep red/purple color (ester)

no color change

Iron (II) Hydroxide Test

Tests for:

(+) test:

(-) test:

Nitro Compounds

red-brown, brown ppt in 1 min (NO2)

**may appear blue before brown