LO2

What is the definition of Haemorrhage?

Acute loss of blood from the vascular system.

What are the classes of Haemorrhage based on blood loss percentage?

Class I:

What are common causes of Haemorrhage?

Trauma, surgery, obstetric complications, GI bleed.

What are the clinical signs of Haemorrhage?

Tachycardia, hypotension, cool/clammy skin, delayed cap refill, decreased urine output.

What are the phases of Haemostasis?

Vasoconstriction, Primary haemostasis (platelet plug formation), Secondary haemostasis (clotting cascade), Fibrinolysis.

What are some disorders of Haemostasis?

Haemophilia, Von Willebrand disease, thrombocytopenia.

Name a few pro-coagulants used in treatment.

Tranexamic acid, fibrinogen.

What is the purpose of Rapid Infusion Devices?

Used in emergency scenarios for rapid fluid/blood product administration.

What are indications for using Rapid Infusion Devices?

Hypovolaemia, trauma, obstetric haemorrhage, burns, massive transfusion.

What is the trigger for Massive Haemorrhage Protocols (MHP)?

1 blood volume loss in 24 hrs or >50% in 3 hrs.

What are the goals of Massive Haemorrhage Protocols?

Restore circulating volume, oxygen delivery, prevent coagulopathy.

What is the purpose of TEG (Thromboelastography)?

Real-time assessment of clot formation and stability.

What does the R-time in TEG refer to?

Time until clot starts forming.

What is the definition of Shock?

Inadequate tissue perfusion causing cellular hypoxia.

What are the stages of Shock?

Initial, Compensatory, Progressive, Irreversible.

What is Hypovolaemic Shock?

Shock caused by fluid/blood loss leading to decreased preload and cardiac output.

What is Anaphylactic Shock caused by?

IgE-mediated allergic response leading to histamine release.

What is the management for Septic Shock?

Early broad-spectrum antibiotics, source control, fluids, vasopressors.

What constitutes Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH)?

500 mL vaginal or >1000 mL C-section blood loss.

What are the causes of Postpartum Haemorrhage?

Tone (uterine atony), Trauma, Tissue (retained placenta), Thrombin (coagulopathy).

What is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?

Widespread clotting leading to consumption of clotting factors and bleeding.

What are the key risks associated with Burns and Haemodynamics?

Hypovolaemia, compartment syndrome, renal failure.

What causes TURP Syndrome?

Absorption of irrigation fluid (e.g. glycine) during prostate surgery.

What are the signs of Thromboembolic Disease?

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Embolism (PE).