period 1

columbian exchange

the transfer of plans, animals, people, diseases, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas after Columbus’s voyages

Conquistadors

Spanish soldiers and explorers who led the conquest of the Americas

Spanish Armada

A massive fleet of warships sent by King Philip ll of Spain to invade england in 1588 (spain lost)

Aztec exmpire

Power empire in centrla mexico, capital tenochitlan (conquered by cortes, collapse (helped by small pox) gave spain wealth in americas

Inca empire

largest empire in south america, capitcal cuzco, advanced roads/engineering, conquered by Pizarro ( 1530), spain gained silver mines

Tenochitlan

Capital of aztec empire, captured by cortes, start of spanish control in mexico

Johannes Gutenberg

German inventor who craeted the printing mess with movable type

The renissance

cultural “rebirth” in europe, spakred new tech, humanism, exploration

Montezuma

Emperor of Aztec Empire when hernan cotes arrvied, captured and killed symbolizing collpase of aztec power

Hernan cortez

Spanish conquistdor who led conquest of aztec empire, defeated montezuma, destroyed tenochitlan, claimed mexico for spain

Juan de onate

Spanish conquistador and colonial governor who led an expedition to new mexico in 1598, found spanish settlements but also brutal treatment of natives.

Juan gines de Sepulveda

opponent of las casas in valladolid debate, indians = natural slaves (using aristotle)

Bartolome de las casas

Spanish dominician friar later bishop, opponent of sepulveda in debate, defended native americas, earned titel of protector of the indians, writings fuled the black legend of spanish cruetly

Las castas

Racial classification system in spanish colonial latin america

Encomienda system

spanish labor system where conquistadors (encomenderos) were grantes the right to demand tribute and labor from natives in return for “protection” and religion instruction. became a form of forced labor/ near slavery fueled criticism from figures like las casas

Small pox

deadly european disease brought to the americas during the columbian exchange, caused massive native pop decline (up to 90%) weakining empires like the aztecs and incase and making span conquest much easier.

christopher columbus

italian explorer sailing for spain, made 4 voyages across atlantic, sparked columbian exchange

atlantic slave trade

forced transport of africans to the americas as part of the triangular trade

treart of tordesillas

agreement between spain and portugal from the pope that divded the non-european world with a line in the atlantic ocean, gave spain most of americas while portugal got brazil, africa, asia

the black legend

negaitve image of spain portraying spainards as uniquely cruel greedy and brual

vallodolid debate

debate in spain between bartollome de las casas and juan gines de sepulveda over the tratment of natives

St.Augustine

Spanish settlement in Florida, founded in 1565 oldest permanent European colony in north america served as spains military outpost and missionionary center (convert natives to christianity)

coureurs de bois

french fur traders in new france (canda, 1600s) who loved among native americans and traded directly for furs, helped establish french native alliances

sxetant

navation tool that measured the angle of stars/sun above horizon

caravel

small fast portuguese ship

astrolabe

insturment to calculate a ships positon by the stars

spanish mission system

netweok of missions (churches) set up my spain in americas to convery antives to catholicism

pueblo revolt

uprising of pueblo indians in new mexico, led by pope(puwblo reliious leader accent on e) aginst spanish rules rule and mission system

Algoquins

Northeast (Greatlakes), lived in small villages, semi nomadic, hunted fished farmed, allied w french fur traders

Iroquios

Northeast (New York) lived in longhouses, matrilineal society (family + power traced through mother), formed powerful iroquios confederacy (6 tribes) agrictulre, skilled diplomacy and warefare

Pueblo

Southwest (New mexico) lived in adobe (clay) and stone dwellings, built irrigation systems to farm in dry climates, complex society with religious ceremonies (kivas), resisted spanish through pueblo revolt

zambo

a person of african and native american ancetry (lowest)

Las castas (mestizo)

middle (spanish +native ancestry) (higher than natives often worked as artisans, merchants, or farmers)

maroon

enslaved africans who escapes and formed independent communities