Chapter 8 History

In the election of 1800, who was Jefferson's primary opponent?

Federalists supported President Adams for a second term, with Charles Pinckney for vice president

Who was Jefferson's running mate in the election of 1800?

Aaron Burr

In what ways were the campaign process different from modern-day elections?

Candidates avoided direct campaigning, such as traveling around the nation. Instead, a myriad of letters was sent to citizens and newspapers.

What is the electoral college?

a group of people selected from each state who cast votes in the presidential election

What was an issue within the election of 1800?

Electors casted 2 votes, however, could not indicate who was running for which role. Consequently, both Burr and Jefferson received 73 votes. In the end, one Federalist decided to not vote for Burr.

What was a result of the tie in the election of 1800?

Congress passed the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution in 1803. From then on, electors were able to distinguish their votes for vice president and president.

What were some of Jefferson's goals in his Inaugural Address?

"A wise and frugal government" as well as "The support of the state governments in all their rights". Jefferson believed that a large federal government threatened liberty and that individual states could better protect freedom. He wanted to limit the power and size of the federal government.

What were some changes Jefferson made in his term?

He surrounded himself with a cabinet of like-minded people. He reduced national debt and cut down on military expenses. He limited the number of federal government workers and got rid of most federal taxes. The only taxes collected were customs duties.

What was the Judiciary Act of 1801?

This act created 16 new judgeships, attempt to maintain Federalist power in government, appointment of Chief Justice John Marshall to Supreme Court. However, the appointments by the judges could not take effect until appointees had received their commissions. Jefferson told the secretary of state not to deliver them.

What are the three principles of judicial review?

1. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land.

2. The Constitution must be followed when there is a conflict with any other law.

3. The judicial branch can declare laws unconstitutional.

What was William Marbury's case against Madison?

Madison, the Secretary of State, did not deliver the commission to Marbury, who argued that an act of Congress did in fact give the Court authority to force its delivery. However, the Court ruled that the act violated the Constitution.

What did the Louisiana Purchase do?

It increased the size of the nation and transferred control of the Mississippi River to the US. Control of the river was a vital piece of economic power on the continent.

Who claimed the area west of the Mississippi River initially?

Spain claimed the Louisiana Territory

What are Conestoga wagons?

Sturdy vehicles topped with white canvas, used to transport household goods of pioneers who were traveling west

What happened in 1802? How did the French pose a threat to the US?

Spain had secretly transferred the Louisiana Territory to France. Jefferson also believed that France had gained Florida in their secret agreement with Spain.

Why did the French's control of the Louisiana Territory alarm Jefferson?

Napoleon Bonaparte, France's leader, had plans to create empires in Europe and Americas. This would put American trade along the river at risk.

What ended Napoleon's dream of a Western empire?

Toussaint L'Ouverture led enslaved Africans and other laborers in Saint-Domingue in a revolt against the island's plantation owners. After fighting, the rebels won and declared the colony an independent republic, driving the French out by 1804.

Why did Napoleon decide to sell Louisiana?

He did not have much use after the loss of Saint-Domingue. Furthermore, he needed money to finance his war against Britain.

Who were Robert Livingston and James Monroe?

US representatives who were provided a deal of selling the Louisiana territory for 15 million dollars.

What was a main concern regarding buying the Louisiana Territory?

Jefferson worried that a large purchase might not be legal, as the Constitution said nothing about acquiring new territory. however, the Senate approved the purchase in October 1803, with the purchase doubling the size of the US.

What was the primary purpose of the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

Americans had limited knowledge about the land west of the Mississippi. Jefferson persuaded Congress to sponsor an expedition to gather information on the new land.

What were the goals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

Finding and mapping the Northwest Passage, a water route thought to be across North America

Who was Meriwether Lewis and William Clark?

Lewis was a 28-year-old private secretary chosen to head the expedition. Clark was 32 and was a friend of Lewis. Some other members of the expedition included York, an enslaved African American, expert sailors, gunsmiths, carpenters, scouts, and a cook.

Who was Sacagawea?

Native American woman who served as an interpreter on the Lewis and Clark Expedition

What was a result of Zebulon Pike's expeditions?

From 1805-1807, Pike traveled through the upper Mississippi River valley and into present-day Colorado. Americans learned about the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains through his travels.

Why did the Louisiana Purchase trouble Federalists in the Northeast?

They feared a westward expansion would weaken New England's power in political and economic affairs.

What did a group of Federalists in Massachusetts plan to do?

They planned to secede, or withdraw, from the Union. New England would become the "Northern Confederacy".

What caused the Hamilton and Burr duel?

Hamilton accused Burr of plotting treason, as he was part of leading New York out of the Union. Burr blamed Hamilton for his political setbacks.

Who were the Barbary pirates and what did they demand

The Barbary pirates were pirates from the Barbary states of North Africa-- Morocco, Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis. They demanded that governments should pay tribute or protection money to allow their country's ships to pass safely.

How did the US become involved in a war with Tripoli?

The ruler of Tripoli in 1801, demanded even more money to be paid for the tribute. Jefferson refused to pay.

What was a result of the war with Tripoli?

In 1804 pirates seized the warship Philadelphia and threw the crew in jail. This resulted in Philadelphia being burnt by Stephen Decatur, to prevent the pirates from using it.

How did the War with Tripoli end?

The US and Tripoli signed a treaty in 1805 June. The US had to pay $60,000 for the release of its prisoners. While the US no longer had to pay tribute to Tripoli, it had to continue paying to other Barbary States until 1816.

Who won the election of 1804?

Thomas Jefferson

When did Great Britain and France go to war?

1803

What was a result of the US being neutral in the British-French War of 1803?

They were not able to continue with trade. They were also not able to sail the seas.

What was a problem the British faced within the French-British war of 1803?

Many sailors had deserted the British Royal Navy.

How did the British abuse American shipping?

During the French British was of 1803, British naval ships began to stop American ships to search for suspected British deserters. They then forced the deserters-- and some citizens-- to join the navy.

How did the citizens react to the British practicing impressment on the American citizens?

They were enraged and wanted to go on war against Britain.

What was a result of the British abusing American shipping?

Congress passed the Embargo Act in December 1807, which banned trade with all countries.

What was a result of the embargo of 1807?

Unemployment rose with products not being able to be sold. Congress had to repeal the Embargo Act in March 1809.

Why did Jefferson not go for a third term?

He followed Washington's precedent and made it clear he would not be a candidate.

Who were the two candidates for the election of 1808?

James Madison, Republican, and Charles Pickney, Federalist. Madison won the presidency with 122 electoral votes, with Pickney receiving just 47 votes.

What was the trade law Congress passed in 1810?

It would permit direct trade with either France or Britain, depending on which country first lifted its trade restrictions.

What was a result of the Trade law of 1810?

Napoleon acted quickly and promised to end France's restrictions. However, the French continued to seize and sell the American ships.

What was a result of Ohio becoming a state in 1803?

Settlers wanted to move into land which was promised to Native Americans.

What was a result of settlers moving into Native Americans' territory?

They renewed their contacts with British agents and traders in Canada. Some Native Americans decided to unite in the Northwest

Who were Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh?

Tenskwatawa, known as the Prophet, urged Native Americans to return to their ancient customs. Tecumseh built a military and political confederacy on Tenskwatawa's movement. He believed that a strong alliance, backed by the British, would halt white settlement on Native American lands.

What was the Battle of Tippecanoe?

Governor of Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison, attacked Prophetstown while Tecumseh was away trying to expand the confederacy.

What was a result of the Battle of Tippecanoe?

After his people's defeat, Tecumseh joined forces with the British. The settlers believed that the British had supplied his confederacy with guns.

Who were the War Hawks?

members of Congress who pushed for war against Great Britain beginning in 1810

Were the Americans prepared for war against the British?

No. The fighting force was small and ill-prepared. the Army consisted of 12000 soldiers, with 5000 being new recruits.

When did the war of 1812 begin?

July 1812

What did the US navy have?

The US Navy had three of the fasted frigates, warships, afloat.

Who was Oliver Hazard Perry?

Commander of the Lake Erie Naval forces, he assembled a fleet and was tasked to seize the lake from the British. His ships destroyed the British naval force

What did Tecumseh's death bring to an end?

Hopes for a confederation. The British Native American alliance also came to an end

What was the Battle of Horseshoe Bend?

Andrew Jacksons attacked the Creek Native Americans in March 1814 and defeated them, with over 550 Creek deaths. The Creeks were forced to give up their land.

What happened in the spring of 1814 after the British war with the French had concluded?

Britain was free to send more forces against the United States.

What happened when the British sailed into Chesapeake Bay and launched an attack on the nation's capital?

The British troops overcame the American militia then set the Capitol and president's mansion on fire. However, a thunderstorm put out the fire before the buildings were destroyed.

How did Dolley Madison display bravery?

When the British approached the capital, she refused to leave the White House until she packed up many valuable items, a painting of George Washington, and priceless valuables.

What led the national anthem to be written

As the bombs burst over Fort McHenry during the night of September 13, local attorney Francis Scott Key spotted an American flag still flying over the fort the following morning. Deeply moved, Key wrote a poem known as, "The Star-Spangled Banner", which was dubbed the national anthem in 1931.

When did the British and Americans sign a peace treaty?

American and British representatives met in Ghent, Belgium, in December 1814 to sign a peace agreement. This treaty did not change any borders or mentioned the impressment of sailors

What was the final battle with occurred before the treaty reached the US?

On January 8, 1815, the British advanced to New Orleans. Andrew Jackson and his troops hid behind thick cotton bales, which absorbed British bullets. At the Battle of New Orleans, hunderds of British soldiers were killed and resulted in the American victory.

What was the Battle of Lake Champlain?

The American army traveled to Lake Champlain, invaded it, and had won over the territory. The British then surrendered after this, as the war costed too much money

Why did the Federalists create a list of proposed amendments to the Constitution?

They opposed war with the British from the start and gathered in December 1814 at the Hartford Convention. To protect their interests, they made a list of proposed amendments to the Constitution.

How did the Federalist party lose the public's respect?

Their grievances after the war seemed unpatriotic. After losing the public's respect, they disappeared as a political party, leaving only one significant political party.

Who took over the leadership of the Republican Party?

The Warhawks carried on the Federalist belief of a strong national government. They favored trade, western expansion, economic development, and a strong army and navy.