Digital Information, Internet Protocols, and Basic Programming Concepts

Digital Information

Data represented using discrete values, typically binary.

Representing Information

The way data such as text, images, and sound are encoded digitally.

Binary

A way of representing information using only two options

Overflow

An error that occurs when a value exceeds the maximum size that can be stored.

IP Address

A unique numerical identifier assigned to a device on a network.

Internet Protocol (IP)

Rules for sending data between devices on the internet.

Router

A device that forwards data packets between networks.

Redundancy

Having multiple paths for data to travel to improve reliability.

Packet

A small chunk of data sent across a network.

HTTP

A protocol used to request and deliver web pages.

DNS

A system that translates domain names into IP addresses.

Input

Data sent to a program by a user or device.

Output

Information produced by a program.

Sequential Programming

Code that runs in order, one instruction at a time.

Event-Driven Programming

Code that runs in response to events like clicks or key presses.

Pair Programming

Two programmers working together on the same code.

Driver

The programmer who writes the code.

Navigator

The programmer who reviews and guides the work.

Debugging

Finding and fixing errors in a program.

Variable

A named storage location for a value.

Assignment

Storing a value in a variable.

Operator

A symbol used to perform a calculation or comparison.

Boolean Expression

An expression that evaluates to true or false.

Conditional

A statement that controls program flow based on a condition.

If Statement

Runs code only if a condition is true.

If-Else Statement

Runs one block if true and another if false.

If-Else-If Statement

Checks multiple conditions in order.

Function

A named block of code that performs a specific task.

Calling a Function

Running a function by using its name.

List

An ordered collection of elements stored in one variable.

Element

An individual item in a list.

Index

The position of an element in a list.

Loop

A programming structure that repeats instructions.

Traversal

Accessing each element in a list one at a time.

Accessing

Retrieving an element from a list using its index.

Adding (Append)

Placing an element at the end of a list.

Inserting

Adding an element at a specific position in a list.

Removing

Deleting an element from a list.

Length

The total number of elements in a list.

Bit

A contraction of "Binary Digit"; the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1

Byte

8 bits

Decimal

A way of representing information using ten options

Overflow error

Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large

Round-off error

Error from attempting to represent a number that is too

precise. The value is rounded.

Bandwidth

the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second

Computing device

a machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors

Computing network

a group of interconnected computing

devices capable of sending or receiving data.

Analog data

Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, overtime. Some examples are music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race

Digital data

Data that changes discreetly through a finite set of possible values

Sampling

A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples.

Lossless compression

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to

represent something without losing any information. This process is reversible.

(Get it… u “lost it”)

Lossy compression

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to

represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.

PERMANENT….permanent…

Creative Commons

A collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work, used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they

have created

Some rights reserved, don’t rlly need permission

Intellectual property

A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a piece of writing or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.

U MUSTTTTTT need explicit permission from the owner literally copyright