Intro to Anatomy I - Final (copy)

Study Guide

What is the smallest unit capable of life?

A cell

Organize the levels of multicellular organisms from basic to complex: neurons, brain, human being, nerve tissue, CNS

Neuron, nerve tissue, brain, CNS, human being

What organelle is most of our skeletal muscle made of?

Mitochondria

What is epithelial tissue?

Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities to form boundaries, protect, absorb, and filter; make up glands

What is connective tissue?

Supports, protects, insulates, transports, and binds other tissues together

What is muscle tissue?

Made of tightly packed together cells that allow for contractions to cause movement

What is nervous tissue?

The main component of nervous system organs that control regulation and communication; mainly composed of neurons

What is a hypertonic solution?

Water solute is lower than the cell’s cytoplasm (low water concentration means high solute); shrivels

What is a hypotonic solution?

Water solute is higher than the cell’s cytoplasm; swells

What is a isotonic solution?

There are identical water solute within the cell’s cytoplasm and within the cell; stays the same

What would happen to a cell’s daughter cells that failed to go through DNA replication prior to mitosis?

Each daughter cell would contain half of the necessary chromosomes

What organelle specializes in the engulfment of harmful substances?

Lysosomes

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

Phospholipid bilayer

What two macromolecules are embedded in the cell membrane?

Carbohydrates which provide structure and proteins which aid transportation

What is a feedback loop?

A feedback loop helps maintain homeostasis in an organism. It uses the output of a system to signal a change in input so that a system response can be stabilized or amplified.

What is the difference between a positive feedback loop an a negative feedback loop?

Positive: output/product of a system intensifies the response Ex: Childbirth

Negative: output/product of a system causes a counter-response to return to a set point Ex: blood glucose regulation, body temperature, etc

Lateral?

Away from the mid-line of the body; on the outer side of

Medial?

Toward or at the mid-line of the body; on the inner side of

Superior?

Toward the upper part; above; cranial

Anterior?

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of; ventral

Posterior?

Toward or at the back of the body; behind; dorsal

Inferior?

Away from the upper part; toward the lower part; below; caudal

Cranial?

Toward the upper part; above; superior

Caudal?

Away from the upper part; toward the lower part; below; inferior

Distal?

Farther from the point where the limb attaches to the body trunk

Proximal?

Closer to the point where a limb attaches to the body's trunk

Superficial?

Toward or at the body surface; external

Deep?

Away from the body surface; internal

What is the axial skeleton?

Used for organ protection and consists of the trunk section of the body (chest, pelvis, shoulder, skull, spinal cord)

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Used for movement and consists of the limbs

What are cords of connective tissue that connect muscle to bone?

Tendon

What are the bones that make up the ankle called?

Tarsals

What leg bone aids and stabilizes the ankle joint but does not bear any weight?

Fibula

What is the prime mover in inspiration?

Diaphragm

What does it mean if a muscle is a prime mover?

It is the muscle responsible for producing a certain movement

What does it mean if a muscle is an antagoinst?

It opposes the prime mover or does the reverse of a certain movement; located on the opposite side; can regulate prime movers by adding resistance

What does it mean if a muscle is a stabilizer?

It supports and sometimes immobilizes other areas to increase the prime mover’s effectiveness

What is a hinge joint?

Only moves in one direction; allows angular movements like flexion and extension

What is a gliding joint?

AKA plane joint; allows for gliding movements

What is a pivot joint?

Allow rotations as well as twisting movements such as supination and pronation

What is a condylar joint?

Similar to a pedestal with a joint on top; allows movements like flexion and extension as well as adduction and abduction

What is a saddle joint?

Allows opposition movements as well as flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

What is a ball and socket joint?

Lots of maneuverability; allows for rotational movements, abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension

Why is there an abundance of mitochondria in our muscle cells?

Muscles require high amount of energy/ATP

Why is the nervous system critical for muscle contraction?

The nervous system signals the muscle system to contract in response to varying stimuli causing contraction.

Explain why people who experience paralysis in their lower limbs have thinner, weaker bones in their legs and thighs.

This is due to the lack of use. If the bones are not being used, they thin out as they do not need to bear as much weight.

What are the differences between a female and male pelvis?

Female has a wider pubic arch, a flexible and shorter coccyx, and a large birth canal in the center

Male has a more narrow pubic arch, a stiff and longer coccyx, and a fairly narrow center area

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Support, protection, movement, storage, hematopoiesis (blood cell formation), and hormone production

What are the steps in bone remodeling?

1) Osteocytes release chemical signals to tell osteoclasts to go to the damage

2) Osteocalsts release enzymes there that allow them to digest the calcium phosphate, putting the calcium and phosphate back into the blood (resorption)

3) Macrophages promote bone tissue remodeling

4) Osteoblasts come in and build new bone before they undergo apoptosis

What two things are needed in order for muscle contraction to occur?

Access for myosin to “attach” to actin and ATP

Summarize the sliding filament model.

The heads of the myosin filament grab onto the actin filament which pulls the actin to slide past the myosin. This results in more overlap of actin and myosin filaments and the shortening of a sarcomere

What organelle is responsible for releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?

Synaptic vesicles

What division is responsible for the “fight or flight” response?

Sympathetic Division

What division is responsible for controlling voluntary movements?

Somatic Division

What are mechanoreceptors?

Activated by mechanical force: vibration, pressure, stretch, and touch

What are photoreceptors?

Activated by light

What are thermoreceptors?

Activated by a change in temperature

What are chemoreceptors?

Activated by chemicals

What are nociceptors?

Activated by pain

What is the function of the adrenal glands?

Synthesizing and secreting mineralocorticoids like aldosterone; fight or flight functions; bodily stress response

What are the three types of stimuli that can trigger endocrine glands to make and release hormones?

Humoral, Neural, and Hormonal

What are humoral stimuli?

Hormone release caused by altered levels of critical ions or nutrients; simplest endocrine control

What are hormonal stimuli?

Hormone release caused by another hormone

What are neural stimuli?

Hormone release caused by neural input

What is the difference between a membrane receptor and an intracellular receptor?

Intracellular: inside the cell, usually receive lipid-soluble hormones

Membrane: On the cell membrane and usually receive water-soluble hormones

What are the parts of a neuron?

Soma, dendrites, axon, axon terminals, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier, and the nucleus

Function of cell body or soma and the nucleus

The life support containing the nucleus and most organelles (ex: a lot of mitochondria)

Function of dendrites.

The main receptor of signals; conducting region

Function of axon.

Generates and transmits nerve impulses; conducting region known as the nerve fiber

Function of myelin sheath.

Covers long axons to protect and electrically insulate them to increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission

Function of nodes of Ranvier.

Unmyelinated gaps in the myelin sheath that aid in increasing the velocity of nerve signal conduction

Function of axon terminals.

The end of the axon that releases neurotransmitters at a synapse when a nerve impulse is received; secretory region

What does “A” show?

Resting state

What does “B” show?

Depolarization

What does “C” show?

Repolarization

What does “D” show?

Hyperpolarization

What is 1?

Cornea

What is 2?

Aqueous humor

What is 3?

Pupil

What is 4?

Iris

What is 6?

Suspensory ligaments

What is 7?

Lens

What is 8?

Ciliary body

What is 9?

Sclera

What is 10?

Choroid layer

What is 11?

Retina

What is 12?

Fovea Centralis

What is 14?

Vitreous humor

What is 15?

Optic disc to optic nerve